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The text in the coin part of the Bond Detector is virtually idential to the
Snowden book. There is no clear acknowledgement that the plates or text came
from Snowden. The acknowledgement which does exist is rather half-hearted.
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T HI IE
HISTORY
OF
MCIEUT AND MODEM COINAGE.
NINE PLATES
CONTAINING
PRINTED IN THE ORIGINAL COLORS OF THE
METAL ;
ILLUSTRATING THE OBVERSE AND REVERSE OF A LARGE PORTION OF THE DIFFERENT DENOMINATIONS OF
Gold, Silver, Copper and Nickel Coins used in the United States and Territories,
COMMENCING WITH THE
OLD COLONIAL PINE TREE SHILLING OE 1652,
AND INCLUDING A LARGE PORTION OF THE
GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF SPAIN, PORTUGAL, AUSTRIA, THE NETHERLANDS, BELGIUM,
RUSSIA, GREECE, DENMARK, SWEDEN, NORWAY, HELVETIA, MEXICO,
SOUTH AMERICA, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, ETC.
PUBLISHED BY LABAN HEATH & CO.
30 HANOVER STREET, BOSTON, MASS.
1871.
f
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1869, by
Nkhkmiah Gkorge Ordway,
in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the District of New Hampshire.
Preface.
rpiIE Publishers of “ The American Bond Detector and Complete History of all United States Government
J- Securities,” having been urged by many numismaticians to give the public an opportunity to purchase the historical portion,
and plates, relating to Ancient and Modern Coinage, have separated a small number, and respectfully offer them to the public.
There has been nothing omitted referring to coins or coinage, but we have added valuable statistical tables, giving the Exports
and Imports of the Government, each year, from 1790 to 1869; Statement of the Public Debt, Sept. 1, 1869; National Debts;
Statement showing when the Public Debt could be paid, with Estimates of Population, Expenses and Taxes; Revenue and
Expenditures of the Government from 1789 to 1868.
a
COINS AND COINAGE.
ANCIENT COINS AND COINAGE.
N OTWITHSTANDING the great interest that belongs to the subject, and the amount of time, talent, and inquiry that has been devoted
to its elucidation, the early history of metallic money is yet involved in much doubt and uncertainty. Gold and silver were used as
materials from which to make money at dates earlier than the dawn of profane history. From the first book of the Bible we learn that
coined money was common almost forty centuries ago. Sarah, the wife of Abraham, died eighteen hundred and fifty-nine years before
Christ; and when Abraham purchased Machpelah for a burying-place, on that occasion, he paid therefor, to Ephron the Ilittite, “four
hundred skekels of silver, current money with the merchants,” says the Bible. (Gen. xxiii : 16.) One hundred and thirty years later, Joseph
was sold by his brethren to merchants of Midian, the money received for him being twenty pieces of silver. This last “transaction” took
place more than thirty-six centuries since ; and the two sales show that coined money was known, and was in common use, not less than four
thousand years ago ; for the language used implies long established customs in regard to commerce, or what is known in its entirety as
business. The money employed was silver, and it is believed that gold was first coined, because it was more readily found and more easily
worked. Ages before the Greeks coined money, it must have been familiar to oriental peoples. Abraham had gold as well as silver among
his possessions.
It is not known when the first Grecian coins were made. It is probable, however, that the earliest coins known to the Greeks were of
Asiatic origin, and perhaps came from Lydia, made from the gold of Pactolus. The common story that money was first coined at Argos rests
upon insufficient evidence. There were coins in Greece in the eighth century before Christ, probably of foreign origin. Centuries later, much
of the money in Greece was from foreign mints. The Baricits, commonly called the Baric, a Persian gold coin of great purity, furnished
much of the circulation of Greece, and is of frequent mention in Grecian history. Its origin is not known with precision — the ordinary story
that it was first coined by that Darius who was the father of Xerxes, in the sixth century before the beginning of our era, being no longer
received. We think it was a coin much older than the time of Darius Ilystaspes, though he reformed the Persian currency.
The Stater, or standard, was the name of the chief gold coin of Greece. It was coined in several places, Greece being a land that was full
of small communities. Silver formed the current money of Greece down to quite a late date, gold being exceptional, and coming from abroad.
10
38
COINS AND COINAGE.
Athens is supposed to have had no gold coinage toward the beginning of the last third of the fifth century before Christ ; and yet Athens was
then the most enlightened country in the world, and had the greatest commerce that was known to the Greeks. But Athens had foreign gold
coins, just as in the early part of this century much of the hard money in circulation here was from Spanish mints. The Athenian silver
money was very pure. Their possession of the silver mines at Laurion had much effect upon the character of the money of the Athenians.
Bronze and copper were used for currency in Athens. The silver Talent belonged to money of account. The gold Talent of the Greeks, or
Sicilian Talent, contained rather more than three fourths of an ounce of gold.
Strictly speaking, Greece had no gold coinage till the Macedonian age, which begins with Philip, father of Alexander the Great, and it may
he considered as having been established by the latter, who died 323 B. C. Alexander’s war in the East had the effect of bringing into use
immense masses of gold, that were the spoils of victory, so that the history of gold coinage is closely associated with that of the Macedonian
monarchs. Gold becoming common, the states of Greece, though then in their decline, probably imitated the action of their successful
neighbor and master. A few of the Greek communities, of which Thasos was the most noted, had a gold coinage early, because they possessed
gold mines ; and the flourishing Samos had such a coinage before Athens had risen to much eminence.
The first Roman silver money was made 269 B. C. ; and the first gold money 207 B. C. The Roman aureri were at first forty to the
pound, but were reduced to forty-five at the close of the Republican period. The earlier Roman coinage was of bronze, or copper, and it
shows how little advance had been made by that great people, that it was not till their fifth century — according to the received reckoning —
was almost at an end that they had a silver coinage ; and that well nigh two generations more elapsed before gold coinage was introduced.
The most prosperous period of Rome, it is safe to say, was in the years that followed, though not immediately, the introduction of silver as
money, and about fifteen or twenty years before the appearance of home struck gold money. It is a remarkable fact that the second Punic
War, the greatest contest in which the Romans ever were involved, was more than half over before the Roman mint had its attention turned
to gold. The Romans were not a trading people in an extended sense, and the Greeks were. The Romans were a money getting race, but
their chief pursuits were agriculture and war. It was among the prominent causes of the decline of their empire that they accumulated only
through conquest ; so that when conquest ceased their fall became inevitable.
All peoples who have made the first step from barbarism have had “ hard money ” of some kind ; and the highest evidence of civilization
is to be found in the purity of money, because upon that so largely depends the happiness of mankind, particularly that of the producing
classes, who are the first to suffer from any “ tampering with the currency.” The only money that is now universally recognized is that made
of gold or silver. Paper as an agent is of immense value, and of inestimable convenience, but it is not money, according to received ideas,
and into coined money it can not be converted, if too much of it exists at the same time.
The amount of gold and silver now in use is much larger than at any earlier time. The quantity of the precious metals had greatly
lessened at the close of the fifteenth century. Then occurred the discovery of America, which had the effect of adding considerably to the
COINS AND COINAGE.
39
quantity of gold, and of immensely increasing that of silver. Russia became the chief gold producing country in the present century, hut she
lost that rank when the Californian mines were discovered. Then came the discovery of Australian gold. The effect of these discoveries, and
of some lesser ones, is very great, and on the whole it is good.
Modern nations have their respective coinages, though there is now a disposition evinced to create an international coinage, the existence of
which would be of the highest benefit to the world. Some steps have been taken in the right direction, and it is probable that the nineteenth
century will not expire without seeing such a coinage effected. That would be a creation worthy of an age that prides itself on its
enlightened, humane spirit.
The terms used by the various nations for their coins — often changing them — are rather perplexing for general readers. The golden
Louis ( Louis d'or ) of France has been twice superseded by the golden Napoleon, and it may be revived again. The Prussians have
golden Double-Fredericks. The English, in the present century, have revived the Sovereign, which answers to the .Pound, and which has dis-
placed the Guinea. The Dollar is a word that approaches to universality, though the thing varies much. We Americans have the Doubler
Eagle and the Eagle. Some of the South American States, and Mexico, keep up the Doubloon. Spain has the Pistole, Rome the Scudo,
Portugal the Half-Joe and the Crovm, Switzerland the Pistole, Greece the Drachma, Persia the Toman, Hindostan the Mohur and the Rupee,
Hamburg the Ducat, etc. Some of the names of coins have a romantic sound. The Byzant, or Bezant, which meets us in the history of the
Crusades, and generally in books that relate to the middle ages, was a coin of the Byzantine or Greek Empire, of which Constantinople, the
ancient Byzantium, was the capital. It was introduced into Western Europe by the Crusaders, but it was known in Italy much earlier. The
Secpdn, which is mentioned so often in the Arabian Nights that it seems to us an imaginary coin, is yet, though almost six centuries old, a
living coin, if we may so call it. It originated in Venice, and was called Zecchino, from Zecca, the mint; and other Italian cities adopted it,
and struck it. The Turks imitated the Italians, and so the Sequin is yet common in the Levant. It has, like Byzant, a thoroughly romantic
flavor, much unlike the matter of fact notion that mostly is associated with hard money. Sir Walter Scott, in “Ivanhoe,” introduces the
Zecchino, but he should have substituted Byzant, as the former coin was not struck till about a century after the time of the story. The Dollar
is derived from the German. More than four hundred years ago, in 1437, coins were made at Joachimsthal, or Joachim’s Valley, and
were called from that place, and the word was abbreviated to Thaler, which is the same thing, substantially, as the Spanish Dalera, or Pillar
Dollar, so called because it bore the pillars of Hercules, thus carrying us back to the days and the deeds of the demi-gods. The Scandinavian
Daler is of the same old family. No coin has had a higher place or a better name than the Spanish Dollar, which joined China to Peru. It was
in good repute every where; and should a universal coin be adopted, it should be called the Dollar. That would be indeed “the allmighty
dollar.” The Guinea had its name from the fact that the first coins of that denomination were made from gold taken to England from the
Guinea coast, in the reign of Charles the Second. No one ever refused to be familiar with that African, which was a coin, and a brother in
the estimation of all the issues of all the mints of the world. All things considered, it is the finest gold coin ever struck.
40
COINS AND COINAGE.
The earliest coins ever made for this country were struck at the Bermudas, in 1612, and were of brass. The Assembly of Virginia, in
1645, provided for a copper coinage, but it never was struck. The Colony of Massachusetts established a mint, which was kept up for a
generation, and from which proceeded small silver coins of various denominations. Others of the colonies sought to establish mints, but with
no success. After the Revolution, a few of the States did establish mints. Nothing effectual was done by the National Government till 1792,
when a system was adopted which has existed ever since, with the changes made necessary by events and time.
The coining press, with which ancient coins were executed, consisted merely of a block of wood upon which the die or piece of hardened
metal containing the sunken impressions was placed. The piece of metal to be coined was first fashioned into a semi-bullet shape: this having
been placed upon the face of the die, the punch was applied to it and struck with a hammer. This constituted the coining operation in the
earliest history of the art of which we have any account. But little advance was made from this rude and imperfect apparatus until the
introduction of the mill and screw in the sixteenth century of the present era.
The mill and screw is of French origin, the invention of which is ascribed to one Antonie Brucher, an engraver who first used such a
machine in the palace of Henry II, in 1553, for the purpose of stamping counters. In 1585, the use of the mill and screw was abandoned, as
it was found much more expensive than the old hammer process. We find it was not used again until the year 1623, when Briot, a French
artist, unable to persuade his own Government to adopt it again, went to England, where it was immediately put in practice at the Royal Mint,
under the direction of Briot. Here it was again discontinued, for the same reason as before, and a resort had to the old hammer and punch
system. The use of the mill and screw was again adopted in 1651, and continued in use for coining until a very recent period. It is now
used for striking medals, which require a high relief.
The first steam coining press was invented in 1833 by Thonnelier, a Frenchman, and was soon put in practice in the French Mint. It was
first introduced in the Mint of the United States in March, 1836, the old screw press being used up to that time. This invention, with some
modifications, is the press now in use. These coining presses are of various sizes, to suit the different denominations of coin. The usual speed
of striking is sixty pieces per minute for the half dollar; seventy-five for the quarter dollar; and ninety for the dime and half dime. The
coining dies are prepared by engravers specially maintained at the mint for the purpose. The process of engraving a die consists in cutting
the devices and legends in soft steel, those parts being depressed which in the coin appear in relief. This having been finished and hardened,
constitutes an “ original die f' which, being the result of a tedious and difficult task, is deemed too precious to be directly employed in striking
coins, but is used for multiplying dies. It is first used to impress another piece of soft steel, which then presents the appearance of a coin, and
is called a hub. This hub being hardened, is used to impress other pieces of steel in like manner, which, being exactly like the original die, are
hardened and used for striking the coins. A pair of these will, on an average, perform two weeks’ work.
COINS AND COINAGE.
41
MODERN COINS.
SNOWDEN.
During the infancy of the American Colonies, their currency was as multifarious in its character as in the ancient time of which we have
made mention. There was, however, this difference between the ancients and the colonies : while the former made use of cattle and com-
modities as currency, from the fact that they were too barbarous to appreciate a more refined mode of conducting their mercantile transactions,
our ancestors of the “New World” were driven to that resort because they were unable to obtain a currency of a more convenient character.
In most of the colonies wampum was extensively used, and was received at the. Treasury in payment of taxes, as was also cotton from the
Colony of Massachusetts. Peltry was used many years as the principal article of currency. In 1636, an act was passed by the Colonial
Assembly, levying a tax upon the several towns, in which it was agreed that good merchantable corn should pass for payment of taxes.
Musket balls were also current, and were made so in Massachusetts by an order of the Court, as follows :
“ ^ is likewise ordered, muskett bulletts of a full boare shall passe currantly for a farthing a peece, provided that noe man he compelled to
take above 12 d att a tyme of them.”
In some of the other Colonies, especially Virginia and Maryland, tobacco was used as a medium of exchange, as well as the articles above
enumerated; and “in the first days of the ‘Old Dominion,’ tobacco would purchase the most valuable commodity. From 100 to 150 lbs. of it
bought many a good wife.”
The earliest coinage for America is said to have been executed in 1612, when the Virginia Company was endeavoring to establish a Colony
on the Summer Islands (the Bermudas). This coin was of the denomination of a shilling, and was struck in brass. On the obverse was a
Boar, and the legend, “ Sommer Island,” with the value “XII” The reverse presented a ship, under sail, firing a gun.
MASSACHUSETTS.
In considering the illustrations of coins contained in this work, our attention is first arrested by the “ pine tree ” money of Massachusetts.
This coinage was instituted by the Colonial Assembly, in 1652, after the fall of Charles I, and the subsequent establishment of the Common-
wealth, with Cromwell at its head. The Mint building was ordered to be erected upon the land of John Hull, in the city of Boston, by an act
passed on the 27th day of May, 1652. John Hull, by the same act, was appointed Mint Master. The first pieces coined were mere planchets,
stamped on one side with the letters N E and on the other side with XII<7, VI d, and Illri, according to the value of each piece. On the 19th
of October following, a second act was passed, by virtue of which, shillings, sixpences, and threepences were coined of the following type :
On the obverse a pme tree, inclosed by a double ring, containing the legend, “masathusets in;” and, on the reverse, a double ring, as on the
42
COINS AND COINAGE.
obverse, containing the legend, “ new England, an. dom.,”' with the date in figures, and the denomination occupying the field within the minor
circle. (See plate 1, No. 1.) Ten years subsequent, in May, 1662, a twopenny piece was added to the coinage by an order of the Court, which
was of the same type as the larger coins. (See plate 1, No. 2.)
This coinage was not discontinued until 1686 ; yet they appear to have continued the use of the same date, the shillings, sixpences, and
threepences, all bearing the date 1652, while the twopenny pieces are all dated 1662.
WASHINGTON CENT.
It was proposed, during the administration of Washington, to place his effigy on the coins of the United States; and with that view, in
1791 and 1792, before the Mint was regularly in operation, several experimental dies were prepared, with his portrait upon the obverse or
principal side. From these dies the well known “Washington Cents” were issued. The specimen now existing, bearing the date of 1791,
were without doubt made in England, and those dated 1792 were struck in this country from experimental dies prepared for a regular coinage
when a mint should be established. It is a well ascertained fact that Washington did not favor the proposition to place his likeness upon the
coins of the United States, and when several specimens of that description were exhibited to him, for his inspection and approbation, he
indignantly ordered the dies to be destroyed ; and expressed his desire that there should be placed on the coins an ideal head of Liberty.
(See plate 1, No. 3.)
In 1783, a silversmith named J. Chalmers, of Annapolis, Maryland, commenced the coinage of shillings, sixpences, and threepences. The
shilling has, on the obverse, two hands clasped in friendship, and inclosed in a wreath, with the legend, “ I Chalmers Annapolis.” The field, on
the reverse, is divided into two sections, in one of which is a serpent, and in the other two birds holding a branch in their beaks. The legend
is “ One Shilling ” 1783. (See plate 1, No. 4.)
VIRGINIA.
In the time of George III, a copper coinage was executed, which was intended for circulation in Virginia. The obverse presented a
head of the King Icmreated, with the legend “ georgus ii rex ” ; on the reverse the arms of Great Britain, and the Electoral Dominions, with
Virginia and the date 1773. These coins were finely executed. (See plate 1, No. 8.)
ROSA AMERICANA.
In the reign of George I, coins were issued by order of the British Government, which are believed to be the only coins ever struck by
that authority for general circulation in the American Colonies. These coins, popularly known as the “Rosa Americanas,” were made of a
mixed metal, resembling brass.
Those struck with the date 1722, have on the obverse a bust of the king laureated, and on the larger pieces the legend stands, “georgius
d. G. mag. bri. fra. et. hib. rex while on the smaller pieces it is “ georgius dei gratia rex.” On the reverse is a double rose : “ rosa Americana,
COINS AND COINAGE.
43
1722;” and on a scroll, the inscription, “utile dulci.” On the smaller pieces the latter inscription forms part of the legend. Those bearing
the date 1723, have the rose crowned. (See plate 1, Nos. 14 and 15.)
COINS OF THE PERIOD OF THE CONFEDERATION.
During the period of the Confederacy, which preceded the adoption of the Constitution, extending from 1778 to 1787, the right of coining
money was vested not only in the Federal Congress, but in the different States. Many of them took advantage of their rights by issuing
copper coins — cents and half cents.
Vermont issued a grant in June, 1785, to Reuben Harmon, Jr., giving him the exclusive right to coin copper money within that State, for
the space of two years from the first of July following. Under this grant Harmon established a mint at Rupert and issued cents of the
following description : The obverse bore a device representing the sun rising from behind a range of hills, with a plow beneath. Legend,
“ vermontensium respublica, 1786;” and on the reverse an eye, surrounded by diverging rays and thirteen stars. Legend, “quarta decima Stella.”
(See plate 1, No. 6.)
Connecticut issued a grant, on the 20th October, 1785, to Samuel Bishop, Joseph Hopkins, James Hillhouse, and John Goodrich, authorizing
them to coin coppers to an amount not exceeding ten thousand pounds. This grant was limited to the term of five years. The mint, how-
ever, only continued in operation three years. These have, on the obverse, a laurexded bust adorned with drapery, and the legend, “ auctori
connec.” On the reverse is a female figure seated, holding in the right hand an olive branch, and in the left a staff Legend, “inde et lib.”
The date occupies the ex ergue. (See plate 1, No. 5.)
New Jersey, following the example of the two preceding States, issued a grant in June, 1786, to "Walter Mould, Thomas Coodsby, and
Albion Cox, authorizing them to coin copper cents to the amount of £10,000. There appears to have been some disagreement between the
parties, which resulted in a dissolution of the partnership ; for we find that, on the twenty-second of October of the same year, a second act
was passed by the Assembly, authorizing Thomas Goodsby and Albion Cox to coin two thirds of the amount contemplated in the preceding
act. Thus two mints were established. These establishments appear to have continued in operation during the years 1786, 1787, and 1788.
There was a large emission of cents of these dates, and they are now quite common. The type was as follows : Obverse, a horse’s head and a
plow, with the legend, “nova Caesarea,” and the date. Reverse, a heart-shaped shield, and the legend, “e pluribus unum. (See plate 1, No. 7.)
There are almost countless varieties of this coinage, but the types are not materially different.
Massachusetts passed an act on the 17th October, 1786, providing for the establishment of a mint within the Commonwealth of Massachu-
setts, for the coinage of gold, silver, and copper; and in the spring of 1787 Joshua Witheral was authorized to provide for the necessary
buildings and machinery. The first regular issue of copper coins did not take place until 1788, but specimens are frequently found bearing
the date 1787. The latter were, probably, trial pieces, struck during the time that the machinery and dies were being prepared. There were
44
COINS AND COINAGE.
bo gold or silvei coins issued, although the act contemplated the coinage of such pieces. The copper coins issued were the cent and- half cent.
The cent has upon its obverse the American eagle, grasping in the right talon a bundle of arrows, and in its left an olive branch ; upon its
breast is a shield, inscribed with the word cent. Legend, “Massachusetts,” and the date. On the reverse is an Indian of full length, with his
bow and arrow ; near his forehead appears a single star. Legend, “ commonwealth.” The half cents are the same, except that the shield has
the inscription “half cent.” (See plate 1, Nos. 10 and 11.)
1783. A cent. Obverse, an eye, surrounded by diverging rays and circle of thirteen stars. Legend, “nova constellatio.” Reverse, the
initials, “u. s.” inclosed in a wreath of laurel. Legend, « libertas justitia ... 1783. (See plate 1, No. 12.) Origin unknown.
1791. Kentucky cent. Obverse, a hand holding a scroll, upon which is inscribed, “our cause is just.” Legend, “unanimity is the strength
of society. Reverse, a triangle of fifteen stars, connected together with small rings or links, and surrounded by diverging rays. On the stars
are engraved the initials of fifteen States. Legend, “ e pluribus unum.” Mr. Hickcox states that this piece was struck in Lancaster, England,
1(91, and is called the “Kentucky cent,” from the fact that the star designating K, for Kentucky, is placed at the top of the triangle. (See
plate 1, No. 13.)
FEDERAL COINAGE.
During the interval which elapsed from the establishment of the Confederacy, in 1778, to the adoption of the Constitution, in 1788, coins
were issued, not only by the several States, but a large amount of base coppers were emitted by private persons, while others were foisted
upon the community by speculators from abroad. These issues had a deleterious effect upon the condition of our currency ; and the attention
of Congress was early called to the subject of a national coinage, as a remedy for the existing evils.
As eaily as 1/82 the preliminary steps were taken toward the introduction of a National coinage. “Congress” directed the financier of
the Confederation, Robert Morris, to lay before them his views upon the subject of coins and currency. The report was presented in
January, 1782. The subject was discussed repeatedly in Congress, but no further steps were taken until 1784, when Mr. Jefferson, in behalf of
a committee appointed for the purpose, brought in a report disagreeing with that of the financier, except as to the decimal system. The
following remarks occur in this document :
“ The most easy ratio of multiplication and division, is that of ten. Every one knows the facility of decimal arithmetic,
lie found fault with the unit of Mr. Morris, first, on account of its diminutive size : 4 A horse or bullock of eighty dollars’ value would
require a notation of six figures, to wit, 115,200 units;’ secondly, because of its want of correspondence in value with any known coins. In
lieu of this the Spanish dollar was proposed, as being of convenient size, capable of easy actual division, and familiar to the minds of the
people. It was added, that the course of our commerce would bring us more of this than of any other foreign coin ; and, beside, the dollar
was already as much referred to, as a measure of value, as the respective provincial pounds. Upon this basis it was proposed to strike four
coins; viz.,
COINS AND COINAGE.
45
"A golden piece, of the value of ten dollars; a dollar in silver; a tenth of a dollar, also in silver; a hundredth of a dollar, in copper.
“ The Assistant Financier conceded something to Mr. Jefferson’s views, but adhered to the main principles of his own scheme.” But
Congress, in 1785, adopted Mr. Jefferson’s report, and in the following year made legal provisions for a coinage upon that basis.
The contract for the coinage of coppers was awarded to Mr. James Jarvis, whereupon Congress instructed the committee to contract with
him for three hundred tons of copper coin, which were to conform to the standard adopted in the report of Mr. Jefferson. The devices and
inscriptions for this coinage were also regulated by an Act of Congress, as follows :
1787, July 6. “ Resolved , That the Board of Treasury direct the contractor for the copper coinage to stamp on each side of each piece
the following device : viz., Thirteen circles linked together, a small circle in the middle, with the motto, ‘united states,” round it; and in the
center, the words, “we are one;” on the other side of the same piece the following devices : viz., A dial with the hours expressed on the face
of it ; a meridian sun above, on one side of which is to be the word ‘fugio,’ and on the other the year, in figures, ‘1787.’” The words, “mind
your business,” inscribed beneath the dial, which have gained for this piece the name of “ Franklin Cent,” appear to have been added without
the authority of Congress; and, indeed, some pretend to say that it was done at the suggestion of “Poor Richard” himself, and hence its
popular name is derived. The principal foundation, however, for this opinion, as well as the name applied to the coin, appears to be that “it
sounds like him.” (See plate 1, No. 16.) A portion of these coppers is said to have been coined at the mint in New-IIaven, of which Mr.
Jarvis was a partner; and the remainder at the mint of Mr. Harmon, at Rupert, in Vermont, whither the dies were transported.
GOLD COINAGE.
The first deposit of gold bullion, for coinage, at the United States Mint, took place on the 12th day of February, 1795. The deposit was
made by Moses Brown, merchant, of Boston, Mass., and consisted of gold ingots, amounting to two thousand two hundred anti seventy-six
dollars and twenty-two cents ($2,276.22). Subsequently, before any coinage took place, several deposits were made.
The first return of gold coins, from the Chief Coinei’, was on the 31st day of July, 1795, and consisted of 744 half eagles. Eight deliveries
of half eagles took place after this time and prior to the 17th of September, after which no more gold of this denomination was coined during
the year. The first delivery of eagles was on the 22d of September, and consisted of 400 pieces, after which there were four other deliveries
of various amounts.
The eagle and half eagle, of this emission, were of the same type, as follows : Obverse, a female bust, emblematic of Liberty, facing to the
right, wearing a liberty cap, with the hair flowing loosely about it. Above is inscribed the word “liberty,” and beneath the date “ 1795.” To
the left of the effigy are ten stars in a line, and to the right five, fifteen in all. Reverse, an eagle, with extended wings, holding a laurel crown
in its beak, and grasping a palm branch with both talons. Legend, “united states of America.” (See plate 1, Nos. 17 and 18.)
1796. The gold coins of this year have sixteen stars upon the obverse, eight upon each side of the effigy. The first coinage of quarter
eagles took place in this year. The first issue, which was made on the 21st of September, was of the same type as the eagle. The amount,
12
46
COINS AND COINAGE.
however, was very small, being only 66 pieces. Subsequently the die was altered, and on the 8th of November there was a coinage of 897
pieces of the following type : Obverse, same as the eagle. (A portion, and probably a small one, had no stars upon the obverse.)- Reverse,
an eagle with raised wings, holding in its beak a scroll, inscribed “ e pluribus unum,” and grasping in the right talon a bundle of arrows, and in
the left an olive branch. Upon its breast is the United States shield. Above the eagle are clouds, and sixteen stars. Legend, “united states
oe America.” (See plate 1, Nos. 21 and 22.) The other pieces, the eagle and half eagle, were not altered until the following year (1797), when
the reverse above described was adopted for those pieces likewise. (See plate 1, Nos. 19 and 20.) No further changes were made in the
devices on the gold coins until the year 1807.
The first issue of coins of the new type took place on the 80th of September. The new coinage was of the following description : Obverse,
a bust of Liberty, facing to the left, wearing a liberty cap, upon the band of which is inscribed “liberty.” Beneath is the date, “ 1807.” To
the left of the effigy are seven stars, and to the right six, thirteen in all. Reverse, an eagle, with its wings expanded in flight, the United
States shield upon its breast. In the left talon it grasps three arrows, and in the right an olive branch. Above floats a scroll, inscribed,
“e pluribus unum.” Beneath is the value, “ 5 d.” Legend, “united states of America.”
There were no quarter eagles issued of the new pattern, as there was only one delivery of this denomination during the year. The new
quarter eagle appeared in the year 1808. (See plate 1, Nos. 23 and 24.)
In 1813, the appearance of the obverse of the half eagle, which was the only gold coin struck for a number of years, was slightly changed,
the head of Liberty appearing in rather better flesh, and the thirteen stars arranged in a circle around the edge, instead of being at the sides
of the effigy, as before; otherwise it continued the same. (See plate 2, No. 1.) The quarter eagle of this type did not appear till 1821.
(See plate 2, No. 2.)
Upon the change of standard, in 1834, another alteration took place in the type of the gold coinage. Up to June of that year they con-
tinued the same as before, but the change of standard having taken place in that month the type was changed, in order to distinguish the new
standard from the old merely by sight. The obverse of the new coins were very similar to the old, except that the liberty-cap is removed from
the head of the goddess, and instead the hair is confined by a band, inscribed with the word, “liberty.” There was a peculiar heaviness also
in the old style which does not appear in the new. The scroll, bearing the motto, “e pluribus unum,” is omitted from the reverse. (See plate
2, Nos. 3 and 4.)
The next change of type took place very near the end of the year 1838. The pattern then adopted for the gold coins has been continued
to the present time. It is as follows : Obverse, a bust of Liberty, the shoulders undraped. The hair is looped up in a roll behind, and
intwined with beads ; a couple of stray curls hang loosely upon the neck. The front of the head is embellished with a tiara, inscribed with
the word “liberty.” Around the edge are thirteen stars, and beneath, the date, “ 1838.” There was no noticeable change in the type of the
reverse. (See plate 2, No. 5.)
COINS AND COINAGE.
47
This pattern first made its appearance on the 2Gth of December, and consisted of 6,/ 00 eagles; and on the 31st of December the Chief
Coiner returned to the Treasurer 500 eagles, making 7,200 eagles of the new type issued in this year. This pattern was adopted on the half
eagle of 1830, and on the quarter eagle of 1840. (See plate 2, Nos. 6 and 7.)
In 1849, two new pieces were added to the gold coinage, viz., the double eagle, or twenty-dollar piece, and the gold dollar. The obverse of
the double eagle is the same as the new coinage of 1838. The reverse has a very small eagle, its body hidden by the United States shield.
From its beak depends a highly ornamented scroll, inscribed “ e epluribus unum.” In the left talon are three arrows, and in the right an olive
branch. Above is a circle of thirteen stars bathed in the diverging rays of the sun. Legend, “ united states of America.” . . .“twenty d.” The
dies for this coin were prepared in the year 1849, and one piece was struck therefrom and placed in the Mint Cabinet. (See plate 2, No. 11.)
The first issue took place in the following year.
The head on the obverse of the dollar of this year (1849) is the same as the other gold coins, and is encircled by thirteen stars. On the
reverse the value and date, “1 dollar 1849,” are inscribed between two branches of laurel, crossed. Legend, “united states of America.”
Of this denomination there was a large issue. (See plate 2, No. 12.)
This dollar, after a few years trial, was found to be rather small in diameter, and many complaints were made against it on that account.
Consequently, in 1854, an alteration in the size was determined upon. The enlarged dollar of this year (1854) has, as its emblem of Liberty,
a beautiful Indian head crowned with feathers. The band in which the feathers are confined is inscribed with the word “ liberty.” Legend,
“united states of America.” On the reverse is inscribed, “1 dollar 1854,” within a wreath of cereals. This dollar being considerably larger
in diameter than the old piece, has a proportionate decrease in thickness. (See plate 2, No. 13.)
This year also witnessed the advent of another new coin — the three dollar piece. This coin has upon its obverse an Indian head much
more graceful in appearance than any effigy which ever before graced an American coin. Like the dollar, it has a feathered crown inscribed
with the word, “ liberty but this crown is quite an improvement upon the former. Otherwise it is merely an enlargement of the dollar.
(See plate 2, No. 15.) This is the last change in the gold coinage of the United States which we have to notice, with the exception of a slight
alteration in the dollar of 1856, to make it correspond with the type of the three-dollar piece. (See plate 2, No. 14.)
SILVER COINAGE.
The first deposit of silver bullion for coinage took place on the 18th day of July, 1794. The deposit was made by the Bank of Maryland,
and consisted of “coins of France,” amounting to eighty thousand seven hundred and fifteen dollars seventy- three cents and five tenths
($80,715,735).
The first return of silver coins from the Chief Coiner to the Treasurer was made on the 15th day of October, and comprised 1758 dollars.
The second delivery was on the 1st day of December, and consisted of 5,300 half dollars. This embraced the entire silver coinage of the year.
There was a small coinage of half dimes, but they were only struck as pattern pieces, for the purpose of trying the dies, and were not regularly
48
COINS AND COINAGE.
issued. The types were as follows : Obverse, a head of Liberty, facing to the right, with flowing hair. Above was the word “ liberty,” and
beneath, the date, “ 1794.” To the left of the effigy were eight stars, and to the right seven, fifteen in all. On the reverse was an eagle
with raised wings, encircled by branches of laurel, crossed. Legend, “united states of America.” On the edge of the dollar was inscribed
“ hundred r~] 0 r-1 Q r~l * * cents * * f~1 Q f ~l * * one * * dollar * * or * * pnit L^l Q f ~1 * * *.” (See plate 2, No. 18.) The half dollar, of the
same type, has on the edge, “ fifty * # f"l O f~ l cents * * * * or * [311 half * * a * * dollar * * f~1 0 f~l 0*0* *.” (See plate 2, No. 19.)
In the following year (1795) a change took place in the type of the dollar. The obverse has a full bust of Liberty, adorned with drapery ;
from beneath the hair appears a ribbon, which is tied in a bow behind. The reverse has an eagle with expanded wings, standing upon clouds,
between branches of laurel and lily, crossed. Otherwise it is the same as before. (See plate 2, No. 20.) The half dimes are of the same
type as the new dollar of 1795.
A return of half dimes took place on the 30th of March, amounting to 7,756 pieces. They are of the same type as the dollars of 1794,
but have a grained edge.
In the year 1796, the quarter dollar and dime were added to the coinage. They are the same pattern as the new dollar of 1795, but have
grained edges. (See plate 2, Nos. 22 and 24.) The silver coins of 1797 have sixteen stars — one star for each State. (See plate 2, No. 21.)
In 1798, however, the number of stars were reduced to thirteen, being emblematic of the original thirteen States. The reverses of the
dollar and dime, which were the only silver pieces coined in this year, underwent an entire change, as follows : An eagle with raised wings,
bearing the United States shield upon its breast. From its beak floats a scroll, inscribed “ e pluribus unum .” In the right talon it grasps a
bundle of thirteen arrows, and in the left an olive branch. Above are clouds and thirteen stars. Legend, “united states of America.” (See
plate 2, No. 25 ; also, plate 3, No. 1.) For a half dollar of this type, see plate ~3, No. 3.
No further change of importance took place until 1807. The emission of the half dollar of the new type was very large and is described
as follows : Obverse, a bust of Liberty, with the Roman mantle, facing to the left. Upon the head is a liberty cap, inscribed with the word
“liberty.” Upon the left of the effigy are seven stars, and to the right six. Beneath is the date, 1807. Reverse, an eagle, with its wings
expanded in flight, grasping three arrows in the left, and an olive branch in the right talon. (See plate 3, No. 4.)
In 1831, a very marked change occurred in the quarter dollar, the diameter having been considerably reduced, with a consequent increase
in thickness. The change of type, however, only affected the size of the devices, which were reduced to correspond with the size of the coin,
and the omission from the reverse of the scroll bearing the motto, “e pluribus unum.” (See plate 3, No. 10.)
The other silver coins remained unchanged until the year 1836. In this year, the dollar, which had not been coined since the year 1804,
again made its appearance, but this time in an entire new costume. On the obverse it presents the goddess of Liberty seated upon a rock,
supporting with her right hand the United States shield, across which floats a scroll, inscribed “ liberty and with her left, the staff and
liberty-cap. (This effigy has graced our coinage ever since, to the present day.) Beneath is the date, “ 1836.” On the reverse is an eagle in
COINS AND COINAGE.
49
flight, facing to the left, surrounded by twenty-six stars, of different magnitudes, according to the size of the states they represent. (See plate
3, No. 8.) A change also occurred in the half dollar of this year, so that there are specimens of both the old and new type. (See plate 3,
No. 9.) The half dime did not appear until 1829. (See plate 3, No. 7.) The two latter pieces were altered in the year 1837. (See
plate 3, Nos. 11 and 12.)
1838. The first half dollars and quarter dollars of this year were of the same type as the new half dollars of 1836, with the exception that
the value stands “half dol.” upon the former. But during the year new dies were prepared, upon the obverse of which is an effigy of Liberty,
copied from the pattern dollar of 1836. Around the edge are thirteen stars, and beneath, the date “ 1838.” The reverse of the half dollar
was unchanged. (See plate 3, No. 15.) The quarter dollar has “quar. dol.” instead of “25 c.,” as before. (See plate 3, No. 16.) The dime
and half dime are the same type as the new die of 1837, with the addition of thirteen stars to the obverse. (See plate 3, Nos. 17 and 18.)
1838. “Flying eagle dollar.” Obverse, same type as the legal dollar of 1840 (the present pattern). Reverse, a flying eagle, facing to the
left. Legend, “united states of America “one dollar.” This was the first coin ever struck at the United States Mint with a grained edge.
(See plate 3, No. 13.)
On the 21st of July, 1840, the new dollar made its appearance. The obverse is the same as the dollar of 1836, with the addition of
thirteen stars. The reverse has the eagle, with expanded wings, etc., etc. (See plate 3, No. 14.)
In 1851, the three cent piece was added to the coinage. On the obverse it has a star, bearing the arms of the United States. Legend,
“united states of America,” 1851. Reverse, an ornamental “c,” within which is the number “III” (3 cents). Around the edge are thirteen
stars. (See plate 3, No. 19.)
In 1853, the weight of the half dollar, and smaller pieces, was reduced. The only alteration made in the types of the reduced pieces was
the addition of two arrow-heads, one at each side of the date, and on the reverse of the half dollar, the eagle appears surrounded by diverging
rays. (See plate 3, No. 20.)
In the following year (1854) the diverging rays were removed from the reverses; and in 1856, the arrow-heads also disappeared. (See
plate 4, No. 1.)
In 1860, a change was effected in the types of the dime and half dime : the old laurel wreath being displaced by a wreath of cereals , and
the legend of the “ United States of America ” is removed from the reverse and substituted for the thirteen stars upon the obverse. (See
plate 4, Nos. 2 and 3.)
COPPER COINAGE.
The first year of active operations at the Mint (1793) was devoted exclusively to the coinage of cents and half cents. During the year
three different patterns of the former made their appearance. The first is described as follows : Obverse, a head of Liberty, facing to the
right, with the hair flowing backward, as if blown by the wind. Above, is inscribed the word “liberty,” and beneath, the date, “1793.”
13
50
COINS AND COINAGE.
Reverse, an endless chain, within which is inscribed “ one cent,” and the fraction “ iio ” Legend, “ united states of America.” The second
pattern has a wreath as substitute for the chain : the fraction i Jo appears beneath the wreath. The third variety has a bust of Liberty, with
flowing hair, and the pole and liberty-cap are added, the reverse being the same as the second issue. The half cent made its first appearance
on the 20tli of July. These were of the same style as the third variety of the cent, but the bust is turned in the opposite direction — to the
left. (See plate' 4, Nos. 1, 2 and 4.)
In 1794, the diameter of the cent was slightly increased, and the inscription “one hundred for a dollar” appears upon the edge. The half
cent has a bust somewhat enlarged, and facing to the right; and upon the edge is inscribed, “two hundred for a dollar.” (See plate 4,
Nos. 3 and 5.)
In 1795, a still further increase in diameter was effected, and the inscriptions upon the edge were omitted. The head upon the half cent is
reduced in size from that of the previous year, but still faces in the same direction. (See plate 4, Nos. 6 and 8.)
The following year (1796) the diameter of the cent was again changed, to correspond with that of 1794; and during the year a change
in the type of the obverse was also effected, as follows : A bust of Liberty, facing to the right, and adorned with drapery. A portion of the
hair is confined by a band, which is tied in a bow behind; the remainder falls loosely over the shoulders. (See plate 4, No. 7.) The half cent
was not altered until the year 1799 or 1800, when it was made to correspond with the new cent of 1796, the bust facing in the same direction.
(See plate 4, No. 9.)
The copper coins experienced no other change until the introduction of the new die for the cent, engraved by Mr. Reich, in 1808. This
cent has, on the obverse, a bust of Liberty, facing to the left ; the hair is confined by a band inscribed with the word “ liberty.” To the left
of the effigy are seven stars, and to the right six; beneath is the date, “ 1808.” On the reverse, the value, “one cent,” is inscribed within a
wreath, composed of a single branch of laurel. Legend, “united states of America.” The fraction tot is omitted. The half cent was not
altered until the following year (1809), when it was made to correspond to the above description. (See plate 4, Nos. 10 and 11.)
The coinage of the cent, which had been suspended during the year 1815, was resumed in January, 1816, and a new pattern adopted for
the obverse, as follows : A head of Liberty, facing to the left. The hair is confined in a roll behind, while the front of the head is bedecked
with a tiara, inscribed with the word “liberty.” Around the edge are thirteen stars, and beneath, the date “1816.” The reverse was
unaltered. (See plate 4, No. 12.) In the following year (1817) a cent of this pattern made its appearance, bearing fifteen stars, but was soon
discontinued, the type adopted in 1816 having been continued as long as the copper cent was issued. (See plate 4, No. 13.) The cent of
1839, however, was slightly altered in effigy, the head being higher and more arched on the top, above the tiara; from which it has acquired
the cognomen of “booby-head.” (See plate 4, No. 14.)
The type of the half cent was not changed until the year 1840, when new dies, of the same style as the cent, were prepared. (See plate 4,
No. 16.) These dies were only used to strike patterns, no issues of half cents having been made in this, or the eight years following, to 1848.
COINS AND COINAGE.
51
In each of these years dies were prepared for the half cent, hut none were issued for general circulation. Fine proof specimens were placed
in the Mint Cabinet, where they now remain.
In the year 1857, the old familiar coppers disappear from among our authorized coins. They continued to be coined during the month of
January, in which time 333,456 cents, and 35,180 half cents, were struck. The latter were nearly all retained in the mint, and subsequently
melted up, this denomination having been abolished by the same law that authorized the substitution of the nickel for the copper cent.
The new cent was issued for general circulation in May following. The obverse has a flying eagle, like that upon the pattern dollar of
1836, without the stars. Above is the legend, “united states of America,” and beneath, the date, “1857.” On the reverse, the value, “one
cent,” is inscribed within a wreath of cereals. (See plate 4, No. 17.)
This pattern was short-lived, as in the year 1859 it was supplanted by the following: Obverse, an Indian head, facing to the left, and
bedecked with a falling crown of feathers, upon the band of which is inscribed “liberty.” Legend, “united states of America “1859.
Reverse, “one cent,” inscribed within a wreath of laurel. (See plate 4, No. 18.)
In 1860, a new device for the reverse was adopted; being a wreath of oak, within which is inscribed “one cent.” Above is suspended
a small shield, bearing the arms of the United States. (See plate 4, No. 19.)
Beside the National Mint at Philadelphia, there are four Branch Mints. Three of these were created by Act of Congress of March 3,
1835 : viz., branches at New-Orleans, La., Dahlonega, Ga., and Charlotte, North-Carolina. The fourth is located at San Francisco, Cal., and was
established by Act of Congress of July 3, 1852. The three former branches did not go into operation until the year 1838 ; the latter, in 1854.
The coins of the Branch Mints are distinguished from those of the National Mint by the initial letters which will be found upon them. These
are as follows: Branch at New-Orleans, which coins gold and silver, the letter 0. (See plate 2, No. 16.) At the Branch Mint, Dahlonega,
which coins gold only, the initial D. (See plate 2, No. 10.) At the Branch Mint, Charlotte, which also coins nothing but gold, the initial C.
(See plate 2, No. 9.) The coins of the National Mint bear no distinguishing marks or initials.
EXPERIMENTAL PIECES.
(UNAUTHORIZED COINS OF THE UNITED STATES.)
Since the establishment of the United States Mint many coins have made their appearance therefrom, which do not belong to the national
authorized series, being of an experimental character, and not intended for general circulation. Among these we include the “Washington
half dime,” which we have before mentioned. We consider, however, that the piece in question was intended “for general circulation,” from
the feet that Washington makes mention of it, in that light, in his annual address to Congress. But as it partakes of the experimental charac-
ter, we exclude it from the regular series. These pieces will be noticed in the order of time, so far as possible.
1792. Half dime. Obverse, a female head, emblematic of Liberty, facing to the left. This is popularly supposed to represent the features
52
COINS AND COINAGE.
of Martha Washington, who is said to have sat to the artist while he was designing it. The hair is short and unconfined. Immediately
beneath is the date, the whole being encompassed by the legend, “LiB(erty) PAR(ent) of science and industry.” On the reverse is a small
eagle volant, beneath which is inscribed the value, “half dime.” Legend, “uni. states of America.” (See plate 5, No. 1.) This piece is said
to have been struck from the private plate of Washington, which is not unlikely, considering the great interest which he took in the operations
of the infant mint, visiting it frequently, and personally superintending many of its affairs. This coin, as before shown, made its appearance
in the month of October, 1792. Subsequently several other pieces were struck, before the close of the year, as follows :
Cent. Obverse, a bust of Liberty, with flowing hair, facing to the right. Beneath is the date, “ 1792.” Legend, “liberty parent of science
and industry.” Reverse, “ one cent,” inscribed within a wreath of laurel. Beneath is the fraction “ tut.” Legend, “ united states of America.”
This cent conforms, in size and weight, to the standard adopted in the law of 1792, which underwent a reduction before any regular issue of
cents took place. It is also very similar in appearance to the “Washington half dime,” which fact seems to indicate it as the first trial cent
of the United States Mint. It was the work of an artist named Birch, whose name appears upon the lower portion of the effigy. (See
plate 5, No. 10.)
Dime. Obverse, a bust of Liberty, with flowing hair, facing to the left. Beneath is the date, “ 1792.” Legend, “liberty parent of science
and industry.” Reverse, a small eagle volant. Beneath is inscribed the value, “ dime.” Legend, “ united states of America.” This piece, of
which we have duplicates, was struck in copper, being merely a trial of dies for the dime. Only a few specimens were struck, and it is nearly
unique. (See plate 5, No. 2.)
Cent. Obverse, an undraped bust of Liberty, with flowing hair Arcing to the right. Beneath is inscribed the date, “ 1792.” Legend,
“ liberty parent of science and indust.” Reverse, “ one cent,” inscribed within a wreath of laurel, beneath which is the fraction “ tot.”
Legend, “united states of America.” (See plate 5, No. 12.) This cent is of the same diameter as the trial dime described above, and is said
to have been made small with a view to the insertion of a plug of silver in the center, to bring the value up to the standard required by law.
Cent. Obverse, a bust of Liberty, facing to the right, the hair confined by a fillet. Above is inscribed the word “ liberty,” and beneath,
the date, “ 1792.” Reverse, a portion of a globe, on which stands an eagle, with raised wings. Legend, “united states of America.” This cent
has a grained edge, like the cents of 1793. Some nuismatists give it the preference as the first trial cent of the Mint. (See plate 5, No. 11.)
1794. The first year in which the legal half dime was coined a trial piece was struck in copper during the preparation of the dies. It is
of the same type as the legal half dime, except that the reverse is without the wreath, which was added when the regular coins were struck.
(See plate 5, No. 3.)
1836. A gold dollar made its appearance, bearing on the obverse a liberty-cap, inscribed with the word “liberty,” and surrounded by
diverging rays. Reverse, the value “1 d.” encircled by a single branch of palm. Legend, “united states of America”. ...“ 1836.” (See
plate 5, No. 18.)
COINS AND COINAGE.
53
In the same year a composition two-cent piece was struck, upon the obverse of which is an eagle with expanded wings, floating upon
clouds. Legend, “united states of America.” ....“ 1836.” Reverse, the value, “two cents,” inscribed within a w r reath of laurel. One tenth
silver. (See plate 5, No. 16.)
A half dollar, of the same pattern as the dollar just noticed, was struck at the Mint at the same time. (See plate 5, No. 4.)
Two other half dollars were produced in this year. The first has the same obverse as the authorized coinage. On the reverse is an eagle,
engraved by Mr. Gobrecht. In the right talon it grasps an olive branch, and in the left four arrows. Legend, “ united states of America
“ half dollar.” This piece is said to be unique. The second has a bust of Liberty, by Mr. Kneass. It faces to the left, is adorned with
drapery, and has a tiara upon the forehead. A hand, inscribed with the word “liberty,” is cast over the hair, and partially confines it. To
the left of the effigy are seven, and to the right six, stars. Beneath is the date, “ 1838.” The reverse is the same as the legal half dollar. (See
plate 5, No. 5.)
Same year, a half dollar, bearing a bust of Liberty, by Mr. Gobrecht. This bust is undraped, and faces to the right. The hair is confined
in a roll behind, and the front of the head is adorned with a tiara, inscribed with the word “ liberty.” In other respects it conformed to the
type of the authorized coinage. (See plate 5, No. 6.) Both this head and that of Mr. Kneass, of the previous year, are finely executed, and,
being exceedingly rare, command high prices in the market.
1849. Two pattern three cent pieces were struck in this year. For the obverse the die of the legal half dime was used, while the reverse
of the first presents the number “III,” and the other the figure “3.” These were one haTT silver. They are exceedingly rare. (See plate 5,
Nos. 7 and 8.)
1850. A third pattern for the three cent piece then in contemplation was produced. On the obverse is a liberty-cap inscribed with the
word “liberty,” and surrounded by diverging rays. Beneath is the date, “1850.” Reverse, the denomination “III” encircled by a single
branch of palm. Legend, “united states of America.” (See plate 5, No. 9.)
In the same year the “ ring cent ” was produced. This piece is about the size of a dime, and has a small hole in the center, around which
is inscribed, on one side, “ u. s. A.” “ one tenth silver and on the other, “ cent,” “ 1850.” (See plate 5, No. 15.)
A dollar and half dollar, in gold, embodying the same idea, were also struck. These had only the legend, “ united states of America,” upon
one side, the other being plain. (See plate 5, No. 19.)
1853. The first “nickel cent” was produced in this year. The obverse is an imitation of the legal copper cent. The reverse has the
value, “ one cent,” inscribed within a wreath of laurel, there being no legend. Sixty per cent nickel, remainder copper. Nearly as large as
the present nickel cent. (See plate 5, No. 17.)
1854. A copper cent appeared of the same pattern as the legal cent, but smaller in size, and the stars were omitted; weight, 96 grains.
(See plate 5, No. 13.)
u
54
COIN'S AND COINAGE.
Same year. A cent of the same size as the preceding, but of a different type. Obverse, a flying eagle, thirteen stars, and the date.
Reverse same as the legal cent. This cent was composed of 95 per cent copper, 4 tin, and 1 zinc, and is the rarest of the pattern cents of this
period, being almost unique. (See plate 5, No. 14.)
1856. The nickel cent, which was adopted in the following year (1857), was first coined in this year. Its type and composition have been
already stated.
In 1858, a new device was contemplated for the nickel cent, and several varieties of that cent were coined. Of these there were three
different obverses. 1st. The obverse of the legal cent of 1857-8. 2d. A small eagle volant, presented in a different position from that on the
legal cent. 3d. An Indian head, with a falling crown of feathers (afterward adopted).
These obverses were combined with four different reverses in such a manner as to produce eleven different varieties. These were as follows:
1st. A wreath of cereals, within which is inscribed “ one cent.” This was the same as the legal cent of 1858. 2d. An oak wreath, inclosing
the inscription, “one cent,” above which is a small shield, bearing the arms of the United States. The objection to this was that the
shield had the appearance of a harp. 3d. Same as the preceding, with the shield omitted. 4th. A wreath of laurel, within which is inscribed
“one cent” (afterward adopted, in combination with the Indian head above). The large, or authorized eagle, was combined with the three last
named reverses; while the other two obverses were combined with the four reverses, making eleven in all. (See plate 5, Nos. 22 and 23.)
1859. A new half dollar was proposed in this year, and several varieties were coined. First, we have a beautiful bust of Liberty, facing
to the right, the hair being done up in a braid behind, and crowned with a chaplet of oak. Around the shoulders of the effigy floats a scroll?
inscribed “liberty.” Legend, “united states of America.” “1859.” This fine head was the work of Mr. Longacre, the present engraver of
the Mint. This was combined with three different reverses, differing, however, only in the inscription. One has “ £ dollar” inscribed within
a wreath of cereals ; another, “ 50 cents,” within a similar wreath ; and a third, “ half dollar,” with the same wreath. These reverses, which
are very graceful, were engraved by Mr. Paquet, one of the engravers of the Mint. (See plate 5, No. 20.)
Mr. Paquet also produced a half dollar of the following description : Obverse, the goddess of Liberty, in a sitting posture, facing to the left,
her left hand resting upon the United States shield, while with the right she supports the fasces. Beneath is the date, “ 1859,” and around the
edge thirteen stars. On the reverse is the American eagle, with its wings expanded in flight, grasping an olive branch in the right and three
arrows in the left talon, while from its beak floats a scroll, inscribed “ e pluribus unum .” Upon its breast is suspended the United States shield.
Legend, “united states of America.” “half dollar.” (See plate 5, No. 4.)
Near the close of the year another pattern cent was struck. This is the same as the cent of the year 1860. (See plate 5, No. 25.)
1867. The first nickel five cent piece was produced this year. Obverse, the figure “5,” within a wreath composed of stars and diverging
rays. Legend, “ united states of America.” “ cents.” Reverse, a shield, partly surrounded with a wreath of olive leaves, emblematical
of peace. Underneath the shield, “ 1867.” Legend, “in god we trust.”
COINS AND COINAGE.
55
1868. This year another nickel five cent piece was issued, which is the same as that of 1867, with the exception of the rays, which are left
out of the wreath on the obverse side.
All the new coins issued during the last three years have the legend, “ in god wf. trust,” stamped on the reverse side.
SPAIN.
The unit of Spanish money is the real ; of this there are three kinds. First, the Mexican, or Spanish American, of which eight make a
silver dollar; second the real of new plate (de plata nueva ), of which ten are equal to a dollar ; and third, the real vellon, of twenty to the
dollar. The latter is the one in use in Spain proper. It was formerly divided into thirty-four maravedis, or eight and a half cuartos (copper
coin), one cuarto consisting of four maravedis. Recently, however, the real has been made to consist of one hundred centimos.
1852-3. Pieces of four, two, and one real, all of the same type as the dollar, with the pillars and scroll on the reverse omitted, and the
edge milled. (See plate 6, No. 5.)
1857. Piece of 100 reals. Obverse, bust, laureaied. “isabel 2 a for ba g. de dios y la const.” and the date, “1857.” Reverse, an oval
shield, bearing the royal arms, surmounted by a crown ; arms of Spain on a shield of pretense, and the arms of Anjou on a heartrshield.
Beneath are two palm branches, crossed; the denomination “ 100 R.” Value $4,962. (See plate 6, No. 1.)
1858. Twenty reals. The head of her majesty, as depicted on these pieces, is quite an improvement in symmetry of outline, if not in
likeness, upon the head found upon the coins of the previous issue. Values, $1,003. (See plate 6, No. 4.)
PORTUGAL.
1834. Half joe, of Maria II. Obverse, bust, “maria ii d. g. portuo. et algarb. regina 1834.” Reverse, crowned shield, between oak
branches, crossed. Value about $8.65. (See plate 6, No. 2.)
1838. Coroa d’ouro, or gold crown, of 5000 reis. Obverse, bust, “maria ii portug. et algarb. regina 1838.” Reverse, drapery,
suspended from a crown, and forming a canopy over the shield. “5000 reis.” Value, $5.81. (See plate 6, No. 3.)
1838. Half crown. Same type. (See plate 6, No. 6.)
1838. Piece of 100 reis. Same type. (See plate 6, No. 7.)
AUSTRIA.
Prior to the year 1800 there were four distinct series of coins minted within the Austrian dominions, consisting of the Austrian p>roper , the
Hungarian, the Lombard, and the Brabantine or Belgian. The former, or Austrian, was to be known by its double-headed eagle; the
Hungarian, by its images of the Virgin and child; the Lombard, by its shield, quartered with eagles and serpents; and the Belgian, by
its X shaped cross (St. Andrew’s cross), profusely ornamented.
56
COINS AND COINAGE.
The silver coinage embraced six denominations : the reichihater, or rix-dollar ; the gulden, or florin, which was half of the former ; the piece
of twenty kreutzers, which was one third of the florin ; and the pieces of ten, five, and three kreutzers. These were all coined according to
the standard adopted in 1753, known as the convention rate. In fact, about the only currency now known in Austria consists of paper and
copper ; the former being received as a legal tender at the Government offices.
1840. Quadruple, of Ferdinand I. Obverse, bust, laureated, dressed in ermine, and bedecked with four order chains, “fred. i. d. g. austr.
imp. HUN. BOH. r. h. n. v.” Reverse, “rex. lom. et ven. DALM(atke) gal. lod. ill. a. a. 1840.” Austrian eagle, ornamented with four order chains.
Value, $9.14. (See plate 6, No. 8.)
1840. Thaler. Same type. “ tueri recta,” on the edge. Value, $1.01. (See plate 6, No. 11.)
1848. Ducat. Obverse, “ v. ferd. magy h. t. orsz. kiralya erd n. fejed.” Reverse, “sz. maria ist annya magy. or. vedoje, 1848.” Value,
$2,281. (See plate 6, No. 9.)
NETHERLANDS.
The intricacy of the political history of the Netherlands is tolerably portrayed in its coinage. For many years prior to the revolution,
there were several series of coins minted at the same time ; and, it is said, that there are some twenty different denominations of silver coins
circulating there to this day. Each of the seven provinces had its own mint. Their coins, however, seem to have differed but little except in
the device. They are generally quite readily distinguished by the name of the Province, which appears in an abbreviated form at the end
of the legend. Thus the coins of Holland proper are known by lloll. or Holland ; those of Utrecht by Tra. or Traject ; those of Zealand
by Zel. or Zeelandia — sometimes merely the initial Z ; of West Friesland by West f.; of Overyssel by Tran., Transisal, or Transisalania ;
of Gueldre by Geldria; and of Groningen by Gron. These distinctions have disappeared since the close of the last century. Many of these
coins have stamped upon them, evidently with a hand-punch, the abbreviations, “Idol. Utr.”, etc. (meaning Holland, Utrecht, etc.). This was
done by the authorities of these provinces, in order to render the coinage of another province current within their own jurisdiction; or, more
concisely speaking, to legalize them.
1846. One gulden, of William II. Obverse, head, “willem ii. koning. der ned. g. ii. v. s.” Value, 41 cents. (See plate 17, No. 12.)
BELGIUM.
No coins of Belgium proper appear until 1829—30. After its incorporation with France its own coinage was abolished and the French
coins introduced ; and upon the acquisition of its independence in 1830, and the establishment of Belgium into a kingdom, under Leopold I,
the monetary system of France was continued, instead of the old Dutch system of florins and crowns, which had been previously used.
1835. Two francs. (See plate 6, No. 13.)
COINS AND COINAGE.
57
New System of Francs. Twenty francs, of Leopold I. Obverse, head ,laureated. “Leopold premier roi des belges. Reverse, “20 francs,
1835,” inclosed within a wreath of oak; “dieu protege la belgique,” on the edge. (See plate 6, No. 10.)
FRANCE.
The earliest coins of France are the deniers of the Carlovingian kings, commencing with Charlemagne. The coinage of money seems,
however, to have had a much earlier origin, and began under the Merovingian dynasty, at which time it consisted almost wholly of gold
pieces, which were imitations of the Roman and Byzantine coins, the principal denomination being the tremises, or third part of the sol dor,
or gold sou. The denier, which was the principal coin issued by the Carlovingian kings, was, as its name indicates, derived from the Roman
Denarius, and was equal to the twelfth part of a sou.
1851. Twenty francs. Obverse, female head, bound with a chaplet of cereals; hair tied in a braid behind; a fasces at one side and a
laurel branch at the other. Reverse, “20 francs,” inclosed in a wreath composed of oak and laurel branches, crossed. Value, $3,845. (See
plate 6, No. 14.)
1857. Fifty francs. Same type. Value, $9.70. (See plate 6, No. 15.)
1857. Twenty francs. Value, $3.85. (See plate 6, No. 1G.)
1854. Five francs. Value, 97 cents. (See plate 6, No. 17.)
1851. One franc. Value, 19.4 cents. (See plate 6, No. 18.)
Five francs. Value, 97 cents. (See plate 6, No. 19.)
1854. One franc. Value, 9.4 cents. (See plate 6, No. 20.)
1853. Twenty centimes. Obverse, head, “napoleon in empereur.” Reverse, “20 cent. 1853,” inclosed in a wreath composed of two
laurel branches, crossed, “empire francais.” (See plate 6, No. 21.)
GREAT BRITAIN.
The coinage of Britain, prior to the Roman invasion, presents but a meager aspect. Very little is known in regard to the metallic currency
of Britain prior to that epoch, except that the Britons, at a very early period, used a kind of ring money, which was similar in its character
to the ancient rings of the Greeks, and from whom, it is probable the use of such rings, as currency, had been borrowed. The Britons,
however, seem to have had some knowledge of the art of coining money, as evinced by various specimens of tin money, which have recently
come to light, and which are supposed to have been coined long before the invasion, and also by numerous specimens of the coins of the
British sovereigns, who still held sway in the island after the first visits of the Roman legions. Caesar mentions the fact that the Britons had
coins of tin and brass rings, adjusted to a certain weight. And even an examination of the ring money itself, in its different stages, clearly
15
•58
COINS AND COINAGE.
points to tliis fact. Thus we find that, from being made of mere pieces of wire bent into the form of a ring and passing by weight, the practice
of cutting them to a certain weight and passing them by tale followed soon upon their first introduction, and, as a still further advance toward
a perfect coin, the cast brass rings, which are found in great abundance in Ireland and some parts of Britain (and which are solid rings, instead
of being open at one side as before), appear to have been adjusted to a graduated system, founded upon the pennyweight or half pennyweight
as a unit. Therefore it is easy to conceive that the transition from a system so nearly resembling an actual coinage to the present form of
metallic money, must have followed in the natural course of events. After the departure of the Romans (about a. d. 414) until the commence-
ment of the Saxon heptarchy, some doubt exists as to whether the Britons had any coins at all; hut it is quite probable that they continued
the coinage of money after the same style of the Roman coinage. But upon the commencement of the Saxon rule in Britain an entire new
system was introduced, which was very unlike the coinage of the Romans, and which, it is thought, was brought to the shores of Britain by
the Saxons upon their first arrival in the country. The earliest coins of the Saxons was called the “Skeattce,” and is supposed to have been
an imitation of the Byzantine quinarius ; the latter finding its way through the east and north of Germany from Constantinople. After the
skeattce came the silver penny, which was the only coin of the country, with the exception of occasional half pennies, up to the reign of
Edward III (1327-1377), when the first regular issue of groats, or four-penny pieces took place. This coin, however, was not originated in
this reign. In fact, a coin of this denomination was contemplated full a century earlier, as appears from the following extract from Grafton’s
Chronicle, published at London in 1569 : “Also, about this time (1227, 1 \th year of Ilenry I Id .) a parliament was holden at London, in the
which it was ordered that the English Grote should be coyned of a certain e weight, and of the one side the king’s picture, and one the other
side a crosse as large fully as the grote, to advoyd clippyng.” And in the time of the first Edward it is said a groat was coined, but not
generally circulated, being intended as a pattern. The latter piece, however, has long been much in dispute among numismatists, from the
fact that the coins of the three Edward, whose reigns came in succession, are so near alike as to require the most minute and ingenious reason-
ing to make any distinction between them. But the best authorities, including Hawkins, Ruding, and Humphrey, concur in the belief that the
'pattern groat belongs to the reign of Edward I.
The first coinage of gold took place in 1257, the forty-first year of the reign of Henry III, and consisted of the gold penny, which was
ordained to he of the finest gold, to weigh two sterlings, and to be current for twenty pence. But this coinage met with so much opposition
from the traders and others, as to cause its discontinuance ; and we have no further mention of a gold coinage until the seventeenth year of the
reign of Edward III, 1334, when an extensive issue took place, consisting of three different denominations : viz., the florin, half florin, and
quarter florin. The florin, according to the indenture made between the king and his money ers, was to be equal in weight to two petit florins
of Florence, of good weight. Fifty pieces to be coined from the pound tower of London, the half and quarter in proportion, and all to be ol
fine gold, by which was meant twenty-three carats three and a half grains, fine gold, and half a grain alloy, thus coining fifteen pounds sterling
from the pound weight of gold. No regular copper coinage was issued by the government of Great Britain until the reign of Charles II, hut
COINS AND COINAGE.
59
copper was previously coined by private individuals, under patents from James I, Charles I, and the Commonwealth, but were in small quantities,
and circulated principally in Ireland. This deficiency was previously supplied from the small coins of the continent, and from the issue of
private “ tokens ” by individuals and towns.
In the arrangement of the coins in the latter portion of this division, it will be noticed that the strict chronological rule has been partially
laid aside, and the pieces arranged under their respective monarchs, according to their denomination or value, the largest in value taking the
precedence. This arrangement commences with the coins of Charles II.
VICTORIA. 1837 — Reigning Sovereign.
1838. Sovereigns. Obverse, head, engraved by Wyon, from a wax model taken by himself from the life, “victoria dei gratia 18o8.
Reverse, simple shield, surmounted by a crown, and bearing the arms of Great Britain, quartered, inclosed between two sprigs of laurel, crossed.
“ britanniarum regina fid. def. ; ” the rose, thistle and shamrock, beneath. Value $4,861 each. (See plate 7, No. 1.)
1844. Crown. Obverse, Wyon’s head of Victoria, “victoria dei gratia 1844.” Reverse, crowned shield, bearing the arms, quartered,
between two branches of laurel, crossed, “britanniarum regina fid. def.” On the edge is “decus et tutamen,” etc. (See plate 7, No. 2.) Value
$1,124.
1847. Crown. Obverse, a finely engraved bust of the queen, crowned. “ victoria dei gratia britanniar reg. f. d.” Reverse, four crowned
shields arranged as a cross, with the star of the cjarier in the center, and the rose, thistle and shamrock, in the angles. “ tueatur unita dens,
anno. dom. mdcccxlvii.” “decus et tutamen anno REGNi undecimo,” on the edge. Value $1,124. (See plate 7, No. 2.)
1840. Half crown. Obverse, Wyon’s head. “ victoria dei gratia 1840.” Reverse, crowned shield inclosed between two laurel branches
crossed; the rose, thistle and shamrock, bene/ith. “britanniarum regina fid. def. Value 56.2 cents. (See plate 7, No. 3.)
1849. One florin. Obverse, bust, crowned, “victoria regina. 1849.” Reverse, four crowned shields arranged as a cross, with a rose in the
center, and the thistle, rose and shamrock, in the angles. “ one florin, one tenth of a pound.” Value 45 cents. (See plate 7, No. 4.)
1839. Farthings (two pieces). Obverse, Wyon’s head, “victoria dei gratia 1839.” Reverse, “britanniar. reg. fid. def.” (See
plate 7, No. 5.)
RUSSIA.
The unit of value in Russia is the rouble, which is divided into 100 cents, or copecks. The gold coins arc the imperial, of ten roubles ; the
half-imperial, or piece of five roubles; the piece of three roubles, and the one-rouble piece. Formerly there was a still smaller piece called a
poltina, or half rouble. The piece of three roubles, however, is the only piece found in circulation. The legal standards of the imperial are
917 thousandths fineness, and 201.75 Troy grains in -weight; the smaller pieces in proportion.
The silver coins are the denominations of the rouble and its subdivisions, which are the pieces of 75, 50, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 copecks;
60
COINS AND COINAGE.
and, since 1832, the piece of one-and-a-half rouble. Formerly there was also the double rouble, but this was long since discontinued. The
legal standards of the coined silver rouble are 875 thousandths fineness, and 319.6 Troy grains in weight; the other denominations in
proportion.
The copper coinage comprises the pieces of 10, 5, 3, 2, 1, I and 1 copecks.
In the third year of the reign of Nicholas (1828), a decree was issued, authorizing the coinage of platinum in pieces of three roubles; and
in the following year the piece of six roubles, and, in 1830, a third piece, of the denomination of twelve roubles, were ordered. This experiment
in the art of coinage was looked upon at the time with much interest, as heralding the advent of a new circulating medium ; the metal being
at that time comparatively new, although its existence had long been known.
1839. Five roubles, or half imperial, of Nicholas. Obverse, same type as the platina coins. Beneath the eagle are the Russian characters
« A C H.” Reverse, “ 5 roubles — ~ — 1839. s. p. b.” inclosed in a headed circle, “pure gold. 1 zolotnik 39 dolyah.” Value, $3.97. (See plate
7, No. 6.)
1851. Rouble of Nicholas. Obverse, the imperial eagle, as on the platina coins. Beneath are the Russian initials “r.— a.” inclosed in a
beaded circle. “ pure silver. 4 zolotnik 21 dolyah.” Reverse, the imperial crown of Russia, beneath which is inscribed “ money, rouble — <*
1851. s. p. b.” between branches of oak and laurel. Value, 79 cents. (See plate 7, No. 9.)
. /
GREECE.
The Unit of Greek money is the drachme, which is divided into 100 lepta. It appears to be about the value of the ancient coin of the same
name, from which it was, doubtless, derived.
The gold coins are the pieces of 40 and 20 drachme. Only the smaller piece has yet appeared here. The legal fineness is nine tenths, and
the weight of the twenty-drachme piece, 89 Troy grains.
The silver coins are the pieces of five, one, one half, and one fourth drachme. The fineness is nine tenths, and the weight 69 Troy grains to
the single drachme — the others in proportion.
The gold and silver coins are quite rare. Greece produces none of the precious metals, and is, therefore, dependent upon importation to
supply her coinage ; and from this cause, coupled with the fact that most of her coinage very soon finds its way to the melting-pot, after its
issue, has conspired to produce a scarcity, even within her own borders, which has rendered it necessary to adopt various coins of other countries,
in order to supply the demand. Thus, various foreign coins have been legalized, at certain rates : such as the five-franc piece of France at 0.58
dr.; the Austrian rix-dollar, at 5.78 dr.; the Holland ducat, at 13 dr., etc.
The copper coinage consists of the pieces of ten, five, two, and one lepta. The latter coin may be said to represent the ancient lepton, more
popularly known as the “ widow's mite,” but only so in name, as it is, in fact, a much larger piece.
COINS AND COINAGE.
61
1833. Twenty drachma of Ohio. Obverse, undraped bust, “00.0 A BAZ1AET2 77/2’ EJJ/MOZ" (Otho, King of Greece). Beneath is the
engraver’s name, “<W/rT” (Voight). Reverse, a crowned shield, bearing the arms (azure; a cross argent), with the arms of Bavaria in the
center of the cross (Barry bendy, azure and argent), inclosed between two branches of laurel. Beneath is inscribed the denomination and date,
“20 APAXMdf' drachme) 1833.” Value, $3.45. (See plate 7, No. 7.)
1833-4. Pieces of one, one half, and one quarter drachme, all the same type and relative values of the five-drachme piece. (See plate 7,
No. 10.)
DENMARK.
In the year 1813, a royal edict was promulgated, making an entire change in the coinage of this kingdom. The gold coinage now comprises
only the double and single Frederick d’or, or pieces of ten and five thalers ; their legal fineness is 896 thousandths, and the weight of the ten-thaler
piece 250 Troy grains; the other in proportion. The integer established by the provisions of this edict for the silver coinage is the rig shank
daler, or dollar of the National Bank, which is just half the weight and value of the old unit, the specie daler. The smaller denominations
of 32, 16, and 8 rigsbank skillings, are equivalent to the £, tV, and sV, pieces of the old system. In 1836, the pieces of 4, 3, and 2 skillings
were added to the coinage, and are coined at the fineness of 250 thousandths; the one-skilling piece has since been added. The specie daler,
although no longer the unit, or integer, still exists as a coin at it former standards.
1854. One rigsdaler. Same type. (See plate 7, No. 11.)
SWEDEN.
The unit of Swedish money, from ancient times, has been the riks-daler (government doller of 48 schillings). It was formerly coined at 878
thousandths fine, and at the weight of 451.7 Troy grains, and was subdivided into the pieces of two thirds and one third, of the same fineness ;
and the pieces of one sixth, one twelfth, and one twenty-fourth, at a lower standard. But, in 1830, a law was enacted, by virtue of which the
riks-daler is now coined at 750 thousandths fine, and at the weight of 525 Troy grains. This change, it will be noticed, makes no apparent
difference in the value. The lower denominations are the pieces of one half, one quarter, one eighth, and one sixteenth, of the same standard
of fineness.
The only gold coin, prior to 1840, was the ducat, coined at 977 thousandths fine, and of the usual weight; but since 1840 there has been
issued a four-ducat piece, which appears to be of the same standard of fineness as the ducat. In addition to these, the National Bank is said
to be issuing gold of the denomination of the ducat. It is a noticeable fact, however, that gold is not a legal tender in the payment of debts,
being merely considered as bullion, and is bought and sold at market prices, the value being regulated by the price of gold in England
and Hamburg.
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COINS AND COINAGE.
The copper coinage was formerly represented by a piece called an ore, or aere. This piece bore the same relation to the riks-daler that the
United States cent does to the dollar, the daler having consisted of one hundred ore. This was superseded by the skilling and its subdivisions,
which were, doubtless, the half and quarter, although only the quarter skilling has yet appeared here. At the present time, copper is issued
in large quantities by the National Bank, and consists of the pieces of two, one, two thirds, one third, and one sixth shilling. The skilling of
this series, it will be noticed, is only half the size of the government skilling. This discrepancy is accounted for by the following reasons : The
government or mint skilling represented the specie standard, being a subdivision of the specie daler , or riks-daler ; while the shilling banco
represents the standard of paper money, its intrinsic valuation depending upon the nominal value of the paper daler, which is about half the
value of the specie daler.
The parliament of 1854, however (as appears from the report of Mr. Frestadius), abolished the skilling system, and reinstated the old die
and its subdivisions, the half and quarter, so that the riks-daler is now subdivided into one hundred ore, instead of 48 schillings, as before.
Whether this law makes any alteration in the copper coins of the National Bank (which is an institution distinct from the Royal Mint, being
under the control of persons appointed by the parliament), we are unable to say ; but the copper coinage of the bank being based upon the
paper circulation, instead of the specie basis, as before noticed, would render very little change necessary, as the shilling banco would naturally
be nearly equivalent to the ore, or one hundredth part of the specie dcder.
Norway, as before noticed, still continues to exercise the prerogative of coinage. The coins, however, are easily distinguished from those of
Sweden proper, not only by the arms, but by the legend on the obverse. In the former the word marges comes before Sveriges, whereas in the
latter this order is reversed. No changes having taken place in the composition of the Norway coins — either upon its change of masters m
1813 or the revision of Swedish coins in 1830 — they still retain the ancient Danish standard.
1838-1843. Pieces of one and four ducats, of Charles XIV. Both of the same type. Obverse, undraped bust, « carl xiv. sveriges norr.
g. OCH. v. konung.” Reverse, the three crowns of Sweden upon an oval shield, encircled by the order chain and badge of the order of the
Seraphim, and displayed upon a mantle draped from a crown. Beneath are the initials “a. g.” and the date. “ folkets. karlek min beloning.
Edge milled. Value of the Four-Ducat piece $9.07, and of the Ducat $2.26. (See plate 7, No. 13.)
1844. Riks-daler of Oscar. Obverse, undraped bust, “ oscar sveriges norr. goth. ocii. vend, konung.” Reverse, a crowned shield, supported
by two lions, and bearing the arms of Sweden and Gothland, quartered, with a shield of pretense, bearing the arms of Vandalia and Bernadotte.
On the base, which supports the shield, is the date, « 1844,” and the denomination, « 1 R.— sp.” (1 riks-daler species). Beneath are the initials
« A . g.” Above is inscribed “ratt och. sanning,” and on the edge “ 75 — 100 delar fin silfver.” Value $1.10. (See plate 7, No. 14.)
1850. Specie daler of Oscar. Obverse, undraped bust, “ oscar norges sver. g. og. v. konge + ret og sandiied. Reverse, the arms ol Norway,
upon a crowned shield ; and the denomination “ 1 — s PS ,” inclosed between two branches of oak, crossed. Above is inscribed 9 4 st. 1 mk. f. s.,
and beneath, the date “ 18-50.” (See plate 7, No. 15.)
COINS AND COINAGE.
G3
1850. Pieces of five, two, one, and one half franken, all of the same type. Obverse, a device, emblematic of Helvetia; a female seated
amid emblems of agriculture, with her right arm extended, and supporting with her left hand a pointed shield bearing the arms (gules, a cross
argent). Above is the name “ Helvetia.” Reverse of the jive-franken. The denomination, “ 5 fr.,” and the date, “1850, inclosed in a wreath
composed of oak and white lily branches, crossed. Values same as the French coinage of this date. (See plate 7, No. 16.)
1856—57. Pieces of one and one half skilling. Same type. Obverse, the royal monogram (f. vii,) surmounted by a crown between two
branches of oak, crossed. Beneath is the date. Reverse, a circular shield, bearing the denomination. Legend, skilling .... rigsmont. (See
plate 7, No. 17.)
1850. Two centimes. Reverse, the numeral “2” inscribed between two branches of laurel, crossed. Contains no Silver; an alloy of cop-
per, zinc, and nickel. (See plate 7, No. 18.)
MEXICO.
The monetary unit of value is the same in Mexico as in the United States, the American dollar having been derived from the Spanish dollai.
The coinage of Mexico has heretofore formed a large portion of the currency of the United States, especially in the smaller denominations,
the quarters, eighths, and sixteenths of the Mexican dollar, being commonly known by the various names of u shillings, levies, ninepence,
sixpence, ftps, bits,'’ etc., according to locality.
Mexico has always been a large producer of silver, and, in former times, it was the practice to convert the silver into coins, prior to
exportation, a custom which was compelled by law, until within the last quarter of a century. This policy has served to give the currency of
Mexico a great prominence abroad. The bulk of the famous coinage known as the pillar dollar emanated from Mexico.
1858. A proof dollar, of the Mint of Mexico. Value $1.04. (See plate 8, No. 1.)
1859. Dollars, and their subdivisions, the half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth, all of the same type. Obverse, a liberty-cap surrounded by
diverging rays, as in the agacliados ; beneath is inscribed the denomination, mint-mark, date, mint-master’s initials, and the fineness, “ 10
u(ineros) 20 G ’’(ranos). Reverse, same as the gold coinage, the head of the eagle being erect. Value of the dollar $1,046. (See plate 8,
No. 3.)
1855. Dollar, and pieces of 50, 20, 10, and 5 centimos. All of the same type. Obverse, a statue of Liberty at front-face, supporting a
spear in one hand, and a shield, bearing the word u libektad,” in the other. “ firme y feliz por la union.” . . . . “ un peso.” (On the smaller pieces
the value is in “ centimos!’) Reverse, the arms of the Republic on a shield, crowned with oak, between branches of palm and laurel. “ republica
peruana, lima. 9 decimos fino m. b.” — “1855.” (See plate 8, No. 5.)
1824-1839. Dollars, and pieces of two and one real. All of the same type as the gold coinage, except that the sun, instead of being fully
risen, just appears above the mountain to the left of the field. (See plate 8, No. 2.)
64
COINS AND COINAGE
1848. Dollar. Obverse, a shield, suspended upon four standards, and surmounted by a condor, with expanded wings. “ republica de la
nueva granada,” and the date, "1848.” Reverse, “diez reales,” inscribed within a w r reath of laurel. Beneath is inscribed “ley 0,900” Value,
67.8 cents. (See plate 8, No. 4.)
SOUTH AMERICA.
The silver coins previous to 1833 were the pieces of three patacs, or 960 reis, and the two, one, one half, and one quarter patac, — all
professedly 917 thousandths fine. But by the law of 1833, these were displaced by a new series, consisting of the pieces of 1200, 800, 400,
200, and 100 reis, the largest piece being equivalent to the old 960 rei piece ; they were all intended to be nine tenths fine. This coinage was
in turn superseded by the present series (apparently introduced about the year 1850, or 1851), which takes the millrei as its unit, and consists,
so far as we are able to learn, of the two, one, and one half millrei (or pieces of 2000, 1000, and 500 reis). There are doubtless other smaller
pieces belonging to this series, but how many or of what value we are not yet advised. The legal standard of fineness of all the new coins,
both gold and silver, is eleven twelfths.
1854. Pieces of two, one, and one half millrei. Legend, “in hoc signo vinces.” (See plate 8, No. 6.)
1838. Dollars of Rioja. Obverse, the mountain of Potosi, with martial emblems beneath. “ repub. Argentina confederada r.” — “ 1838.”
Reverse, the arms of the Confederacy, “eterno loor al restaurador rosas.” Values, average $1.04. (See plate 8, No. 7.)
1841. Dollar. Obverse, bust of Bolivar, laureated. “libre por la constitucion.” — “bolivar.” Reverse, same type as No. 79. The dollars
of this period are very unsteady in value, varying three or four cents, from 103 cents upward. (See plate 8, No. 8.)
1844. Dollar or peso. Obverse, the arms inclosed between two branches of oak, crossed, “republica oriental del Uruguay.” — “ 1844.”
Reverse, “un peso fuerte,” surrounded by nine stars, “litio de Montevideo.” — “ 10 a d!” (See plate 8, No. 9.)
CHILI.
This country became an independent republic in 1817 (having previously been a dependency of Spain), and commenced the coinage of
money in its new capacity in the same year.
Formerly the monetary system was the same as that received from the mother country ; but in January, 1851, a law was passed establishing
a decimal system. The gold coins were to consist of the condor, or ten-dollar piece, and the half and quarter, or escudo — the unit being the
silver peso, or dollar of 100 centavo, which was subdivided in the half dollar, the twenty-cent piece, and the ten and five cent pieces, with the
two copper coins, the centavo and half centavo, being in fact the same as the system adopted for Peru in the same year. The twenty-dollar
piece, however, was not included. The standards of the gold coinage appear to be much below the standards of the United States ; so much
so, that the gold condor now sells in California for nine dollars.
COINS AND COINAGE.
65
*
1856. Half dollars. Obverse, a condor, in flight; one piece of chain in its beak, and another dangling from its talon. “ por la razon o la
fuerza.” “ 1856.” Reverse, the arms of Chili, between branches of laurel. “ republica be chile, s.” — “50 c.”(entavo). (See plate 8, No. 10.)
1818-1833. Dollars and pieces of 50, 25, and 12 centimes, of J. P. Boyer. All of the same type. Obverse, head of the president.
“ j. p. boyer, president,” and the year of the Republic (as “An 27 ”). (See plate 8, No. 11.)
1859. Twenty cents, of Frederick VII. Obverse, head. “Frederick vii, konge af danmark.” — “1859. Reverse, a vessel under sail.
“dansk vestindisk mont.” “20 cents.” Edge milled. (See plate 8, No. 12.)
1791-1796. Dollar, half dollar, and ten-cent piece. All of the same type. Obverse, a lion, “sierra leone company “ Africa. Reverse,
two hands clasped in friendship. Above and beneath the hands is inscribed “100.” (One hundred cents.) “one dollar piece.’ “1791.
(The half dollar is inscribed “Half dollar piece” and the macuta “ ten cent piece”) (See plate 8, No. 13.)
JAPAN.
This insular empire has a system of metallic money peculiar to itself. (See plate 8, Nos. 14 and 15.)
The Japanese coins comprise three sizes of gold, two of silver, and three of an alloy of inferior metals. In their shape, composition, and
relation to each other, they present some striking features, which set them apart from every other system of coinage in the world.
The principal gold coin, known as the cobang or cobank, is of an oval shape, about two and a half inches long, and half as wide. It is very
thin, soft, and easily bent, having no elasticity ; its appearance is that of fine gold, and its surface is marked by sundry figures not well
understood as yet, although it is said that the flowery ornaments are the arms of the spiritual emperor, and that a certain central cipher is
the special imprint of the Inspector General of Money.
JOSEPH JENKS, THE COINER OF THE PINE TREE SHILLING.
Joseph Jenks came from Hammersmith, England, in 1642, and settled in that part of Lynn, Massachusetts, which is now Saugus. He was
a machinist “at the Iron Works,” and was a man of great genius. He was the first founder who worked in brass and iron on the western
continent. By his hands were the first moldings made, and the first castings taken, of domestic utensils and iron tools in this country — at
least by Europeans. The first article cast by him was a small iron pot, of about the capacity of one quart. This is still retained by his
descendants, and is highly prized by them.
“In June, 1646, Mr. Joseph Jenks presented a petition” to the General Court “that the Court would patronize his improvements in mills
and in the manufacture of scythes.” “January 20, 1647, Richard Leader sold to Joseph Jenks the privilege to build a forge at the Iron Works
17
66
COINS AND COINAGE.
for the manufacture of scythes.” “In May, 1655, the General Court granted to Mr. Joseph Jenks a patent for an improved Scythe, for the
more speedy cutting of grasse, for seven years.” .This improvement consisted in lengthening the blade, making it thinner, and welding a
square bar on the back to strengthen it, as in the modern scythe. Before this the old English blade was short and thick like a bush scythe.
In 1652, a mint was established at Boston for coining silver. The pieces had the word “Massachusetts,” and the figure of a pine tree on
one side, and on the reverse “N. E. Anno 1652,” and the numerals III, VI, or XII, denoting the number of pence. These were the famous
“pine tree” coins of our early history. The dies for this coinage were made by Joseph Jenks, at the Iron Works.
“In 1654, the selectmen of Boston agreed with Mr. Joseph Jenks for an Ingine to carry water in case of fire.” This was the first fire
engine built in America. Mr. Jenks was also the author of many important improvements in mills and iron tools, and several patents were
granted to him for his useful inventions.
Joseph Jenks, Jr., the eldest son of the inventor, removed to Rhode-Island, and settled there. His son Joseph was Governor of that State,
from 1727 to 1732. Hon. Thomas A. Jenckes, the eminent patent lawyer and present member of Congress from Rhode-Island, is one of his
descendants, and is widely known as the author of the Bankrupt Law, and of the United States Civil Service bill.
UNITED STATES COLONIAL .
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STATEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT.
77
STATE ME A T OF TIIE PUBLIC DEBT OF TIIE UNITED STATES, SEPTEMBER 1, I860.
Authorizing Acts.
June 14, 1858
June 22, 18G0
February 8, 18G1
March 2, 18G1
July 17 and Aug. 5, 18G1
February 25, 18C2
March 3, 1803
March 3, 1864
March 3, 1864
June 30, 1864
March 3, 1865
March 3, 1865. ........
March 3, 1865
March 3, 1865
Character of Issue.
Bonds.
Bonds.
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
Bonds,
1881 ...
(Oregon
1881 ...
(5-20’s)
1881 ...
(10-40’s)
(5-20’s)
(5-20’s)
(5-20’s)
(5-20’s)
(5-20’s)
(5-20’s)
Aggregate of Debt bearing coin interest
,1881
Rate of
Amount
Interest.
Outstanding.
5 per cent ....
$20,000,000 00
5 per cent ....
7,022,000 00
6 per cent ....
18,415,000 00
6 per cent
945,000 00
Debt bearing Interest in Coin.
When Redeemable or Payable.
6 per cent
6 per cent
5 per cent .
G per cent .
6 per cent .
G per ceut .
6 per cent .
per cent .
per ceut .
189,3 17, GOO
514.771.600
75,000.000
194.507.300
3,882,500
125.561.300
203,327,250
332,998,950
379,588,450
42,539,350
Payable after 15 years from January 1, 1859.
Payable after 10 years from January 1, 1861.
Payable after December 31, 1880
Redeemable 20 years from July 1, 1801
2,107,936,300 00
i ay dine ;u, pleasure oi Government after 20 years from .Tune 30 1861
Redeemable after 5 and payable 20 years from May 1 , 1862 ’
Payable after June 30, 1881.. '
Redeemable after 10 and payable 40 years from March ], 1864'. .'. "..
Redeemable after 5 and payable 20 years from November 1, 1864
Redeemable after 5 and payable 20 years from November 1, 1864 . . .
Redeemable after 5 and payable 20 years from November 1, 1805 ....
Redeemable after 5 and payable 20 years from July 1, 18G5
Redeemable after 5 and payable 20 years from July l’ 1807 . . . .. . . ..
Redeemable after 5 and payable 20 years from July l, 1808
Coupons due May 1 and July 1, 1869, not presented for payment".
Mar. 2, 18G7, and July 2,
1868
July 23, 1808
Debt bearing Interest in Lawful Money.
Certificates 1.3 per
Navy Pension Fund <3 per
Ag gregate of Debt bearing interest in lawful money. . . .
cent
cent . . . .
$50,780,000 00 On demand, (interest estimated)
14,000,000 00 Interest only applicable to payment of pensions.
04,780,000 00
Debt on which Interest has ceased since maturity.
April 15, 1842
January 28, 1847
March 31, 1848
September 9, 1850
Prior to 1857
December 23, 1857 . . . .
March 2, 1861
July 17, 1861
March 3, 1863
March 3, 1863
March 3, 1863 and June
30, 1864
June 30, 1864
June 30, 1864, and Mar.
3, 1865
Bonds
Bonds
Bonds
Bonds (Texas indemnity)
Treasury notes
Treasury notes
Treasury notes
Treasury notes (3 years)
Treasury notes ( 1 & 2 y rs)
Certifis. of indebtedness.
6 per cent . .
6 per cent ..
|6 per cent ..
5 per cent ....
1 mill to 6 per ct
5 to 51 per cent
jO per cent ....
7 3-10 per cent
|5 per cent ....
|6 per cent ....
Compound interest notes 6 per cent
Temporary loan |4, 5, & 6 per ct
Treasury notes (3 years) |7 3-10 per cent
Aggregate of debt on which interest has ceased since maturity
$6,000
00
14.150
00
58,700
00
242,000
00
103,614
64
2,400
00
3.300
00
34,200
00
318,482
00
12,000
00
2,714,980
00
183,110
00
955,550
00
4,648,486
64
Matured
Matured
Matured
Matured
Matured
Matured
Matured
Matured
Matured
Matured
December 31, 1802
December 31, 1807
July 1, 1868, (9 months’ interest).
December 31, 1864
at various dates
March 1, 1859
April and May, 1863
August 19 and October 1, 1864
from January 7 to April 1, 1866. . .
at various dates in 1860
Matured June 10, 1867, and May 15, 1868...
Matured October 15, 1866
Matured August 15, 1867, and June 15 and July 15, 1868.
Accrued In-
terest.
$100,006 67
58,510 67
184,150 00
9,450 00
1,893,170 00
10,295,432 00
750,000 00
4,864.182 50
77,050 00
2,511,220 00
4,060.545 00
3,329,989 50
3,795,884 50
425,398 50
When payable.
January and July.
January and July.
January and July.
January and July.
January and July.
May and November.
January and July.
March and September.
May and November.
May and November.
May and November.
January and July.
January and July.
January and July.
32,428.262 34
4,535,337 50
30.963,599 84
11,142.550 00
70,000 00
1.212.550 00
Annually or on redemp-
tion of certificate.
January and July.
$360 00
849 00
2,641 50
12,100 00
3,072 35
120 00
198 00
2,496 GO
15,924 10
720 00
522.823 57
7,580 19
69,755 15
638.640 46
21
78
STATEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT.
7 STATEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, SEPTEMBER 1, 1S69.
Debt bearing no Interest.
July 17, 1861
February 12, 1862
February 25, 1862
July 11 , '1862..
March 3, 1863.
July 17, 1862..
March 3, 1863.
June 30, 18G4 .
March 3, 1863 .
Demand notes
t. U.S. legal-tender notes
. . Postal currency
I
Fractional currency. . .
jcertifs. for gold deposit’d
Aggregate of debt bearing no interest
$114,913 50
356,000,000 00
30,711,799 87
23,647,580 00
410,474,293 37
Ttecapitulation.
Debt bearing interest in coin, viz. :
Bonds at 5 per cent., issued before March 3, 1864 - ■■ ••••••
Bonds at 5 per cent., (10-40’s,) issued under act of March 3, 1864.
Bonds of 1881, at 6 per cent
5-20 Bonds at 6 per cent
Debt bearing interest in lawful money, viz. :
Certilicates, 3 per cent, interest
Navy pension fund, 3 per cent, interest
Debt bearing no interest, viz. :
Demand and legal-tender notes
Postal and fractional currency
Certificates of gold deposited
Amount
Outstanding.
Interest.
$27,022,000 00
194.567,300 00
283,677', 600 00
1,602,669,400 00
50,780,000 00
14,000,000 00
Debt on which interest has ceased since maturity
Total debt — Principal outstanding * • •
Accrued interest to date, and coupons due not presented for payment.
Total debt — Principal and interest
356,114,913 50
30,711,799 87
23,647,580 00
2,107,936,300 00
64,780,000 00
410,474,293 37
4,648,486 64
2,587,839,080 01
36,963,599 84
1,212,550 00
638,640 46
38,814,790 30
Amount in Treasury -
• Coin
Stakfn<* Fund! in United States coin interest bonds, and interest collected and accrued thereon
Other United States coin interest bonds purchased, and accrued interest thereon
101,214,986 71
12,144,487 10
14,020,830 00
23,311,065 00
Amount of public debt, less cash, sinking fund, and purchased bonds in Treasury • •• • •
Amount of public debt, less cash and sinking fund and purchased bonds in Treasury, on the 1st ultimo.
Decrease of public debt during the past month
Decrease since March 1, 1869
2,626,653,870 31
150,691,368 81
2,475,962,501 50
2,481,566,736 29
5,604,234 79
49,500,758 5 1
Beturns in the Department at the close of business
The foregoing is a correct statement of the Public Debt, as appears from the Bo ^j I ^ I ^ ie “ lU ^\J H X RDSON Actin g Secretary of the Treasury.
on the last day of August, 1869.
PUBLIC DEBT. — NATIONAL DEBTS
79
PUBLIC DEBT OF TUB EXITED STATES IN EACH YEAR
FROM 1701 TO 1869.
January 1..1791
“ 1702,
1793.
1794.
1705.
179(1.
1797.
1798-
1799.
1800.
1801.
1802.
1803.
1804.
1805.
1806.
1807.
1808.
1809.
1810.
1811.
1812.
1813.
1814.
1815.
1816.
1817.
1018.
1819.,
1820.,
1821.
1822.
1823.
1824.,
1825.,
1826.,
1827.,
1828..
1829.,
1830..
52
January 1
.1831
§39,123,191
68
77,227.924
66
it
1832
18
80,352,634
04
it
1833
88
78,427,404
77
(4
1834
08
80,747,587
38
u
1835
05
8.3.762,172
07
tt
1836
291,089
05
82,064,479
33
it
1837
55
79,228,529
12
it
1838
46
78.408,669
77
tt
1839
53
82.976,294
35
it
1840
63
83,038,059
80
tt
1841
00
80,712.632
25
tt
1842
37
77,054,686
30
July 1
.1843
69
86,427,120
88
tt
1844
23
82,312,150
50
tt
1845
80
75,723,270
66
It
1846
33
69,218,398
64
tt
1847
38
65,196,317
97
tt
1848
37
57.023,192
09
Dec. 1....
.1849
71
53,173,217
52
It
1850
37
48,005.587
76
Nov. 20. . .
• 1851
62,560,395
26
45.209,737
90
Dec. 30...
1852
13
55,962,827
57
July 1
.1853
67,340,628
78
81,487,846
24
tt
1854
05
99.833,660
15
Nov. 17...
1855
127,334,933
74
“ 15...
• 1856
30,963,909
64
123,491.965
16
July 1
.1857
29,060,386
90
103,466,633
83
it
1858
66
95,529,648
28
a
1859
33
91.015,566
15
tt
1860
08
89,987,427
66
it
1861
68
93,546,676
98
tt
1862
92
90,875,877
28
a
1863
37
90,269,777
77
tt
1864
49
83,788,432
71
tt
1865
63
81,054,059
99
tt
1866
21
73,987,357
20
tt
1867
12
67,475,043
87
tt
1868
67
68.421,413
48,565,406
67
50
it
1869
16
NATIONAL DEBTS.
Debt.
Population.
Average Amount
per Capita.
$3,999,010,695
§133 33
75 57
54 79
21 06
20 23
35 37
46 56
117 43
15 51
11 94
41 35
103 60
20 00
75.000. 000
68.932.000
21.770.000
16.000. 000
3,619,000
16.440.000
18,000,000
1 4,000,000
222,000
1,000,000
Turkey
X Ui/,UUv,vUv
80
TABULAR STATEMENT,
TABULAR STATEMENT SHOWING WHEN THE PUBLIC DEBT COULD BE PAID, WITH ESTIMATES OF POPULATION, EXPENSES,
AND TAXES.
Year.
Populat’n compounded
at rate of 3 per cent,
per annum, after al-
lowing 1,831,451 for
the retardation of the
war.
Rate of taxation, per
head.
Aggregate
amount of the
taxes.
Expenses for army and
navy, civil service,
and pensions, in-
creased annually at
$2 per head on the
increase of popula-
tion.
1868
38,000,000
1,140,000
$8 60
$326,800,000
. $152,000,000
2.280,000
1869
39,140,000
1,174.200
8 60
336,604,000
154,280,000
2,348,400
1870
40,314,200
1,209,426
8 60
346,702,120
156,628,400
2,418,852
1871
41,523,626
1,245,708
8 60
357,103,183
159,047,252
2,491,416
1872
42,769,334
1.283,080
8 60
3G7,81G,272
161,538,668
2,566,160
164,104,828
2,643,144
1873
44,052 414
1,321,572
8 60
378,850,760
1871
45,373,986
1,361,219
8 60
390,21G,280
166,747,972
2,722,438
1875
46,735,205
1,402,056
8 60
401,922,763
169,470,410
2,804,112
1876
48,137,261
1,444,117
8 60
413,980,445
172,274,522
2,888,234
1S77
49,581,378
1,487,441
8 GO
426,399,851
175,162,756
2,974,882
1878
51,068,819
1,532,064
8 60
439,191,843
178,137,638
3,064,128
1879
52,600,883
1,578,026
8 60
452,367,594
181,201,766
3,156,052
1880
54,178,909
1,625,367
8 60
465,938,617
1S4,357,S18
3,250,734
1881
65,804,276
1,674,128
8 60
479,916,763
187,608,552
3,348,256
1882
57,478,404
1,724,352
8 60
494,314,274
190,956,808
3,448,704
1883
59,202,756
1,776,082
8 60
509,143,702
194,405,512
3,552,164
1884
60,978,838
8 61+
464,281.161
197,957,676
Amount available for
interest and for re-
duction of debt.
Amount of debt
bearing interest.
Rate of interest.
Amount of
interest.
Amount of
reduction.
Net debt.
$174,800,000
$2,500,000,000
Per ct.
6
$150,000,000
$24,800,000
$2,475,200,000
182,324,000
2,475,200,000
6
148,512,000
33,812,000
2,441,388,000
190,073,720
2,441,388,000
6
146,483,280
43,590,440
2,397,797,560
198,055,931
2,397,797,560
6
143,867,854
54,188,077
2,343,609,4S3
206,277,604
2,343,609,483
6
140, GIG, 569
65,061,035
2,277,948,448
214,745,932
2,277,948,448
54
125,2S7,1G4
89,45S,768
2,188,489,680
223,468,308
2,188,489,680
5
109,424,484
114,043,824
2,074,445,856
232,452,353
2,074,445,856
5
103,722,292
128,730,061
1,945,715,795
241,705,923
1,945,715,795
5
97,285,789
144,420,134
1,801,295,661
251,237,095
1,801,295,661
6
90,064,783
161,172,312
1,640,123,349
261,054,205
1,640,123,349
5
82,006,167
179,048,038
1,461,075,311
271,165,828
1,461,075,311
5
73,053,766
198,112,062
1,262,963,249
281,580,799
1,262,963,249
5
63,148,162
218,432,G37
1,044,530,612
292,308,211
1,044,530,612
5
52,226,530
240,081,681
804,448,931
303,357,406
804,448,931
5
40,222,445
263,135,021
541,313,910
314,738,190
541,313,910
5
27,055,695
287,672,495
253,641,415
266,323.485
253,641,415
5
12,682 070
253,641,415
Debt paid.
REVENUE
81
It E VENUE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN EACH YEAR FROM 1789 TO 1808.
From bank stocks, divi-
dends and bonds.
i 791 (from March 4, 1789, to Dec. 31)
1792 (for the year)
1793
1791
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816 .
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
#8,028 00
38,500 00
303,472 00
162,000 00
1,240,000 00
385,220 00
79,920 00
71,040 00
71,040 00
88,800 00
1,327,560 00
202,426 00
525.000 00
675.000 00
1,000,000 00
105.000 00
297.500 00
350.000 00
350.000 00
367.500 00
402.500 00
420.000 00
455.000 00
490.000 00
490,000 00
490.000 00
659.000 00
610,285 00
586,649 50
569,280 82
328,674 67
1,375,965 44
4,542,102 22
From miscellaneous
sources.
Total, exclusive of loans
and treasury notes.
From loans and treasury
notes.
$19,440 10
$4,418,913 19
$5,791,112 56
9,93G G5
3,669,960 31
5,070,806 46
10,390 37
4,652,923 14
1,067.701 14
23,799 48
5,431,904 87
4,609,196 78
5,917 97
6,114,534 59
3,305,268 20
16,500 14
8,377,529 65
302,800 00
30,379 29
8,688,780 99
70,135 41
18,692 81
7,900,495 80
308,574 27
45,187 56
7,546,813 31
5,074,646 53
74,712 10
10,848,749 10
1,002,435 04
266,149 15
12,935,330 95
10,125 00
177,905 86
14,995,793 95
5,597 30
115,518 18
11,064,097 63
112,575 53
11,826,307 38
9,532 64
19,039 80
13,560,694 20
128,814 94
10,004 19
15,559,931 07
48,897 71
34,935 69
16,398,019 26
21,802 35
17,060,061 93
1,822 16
23,638 51
7,773,473 12
84,476 84
9,384,214 28
2,759,992 25
60,068 52
14,423,529 09
8,309 05
41,125 47
9,801,132 76
12,837,900 00
236,571 00
14,340,409 95
26,184,435 00
119,399 81
11,181,625 16
23,377,911 79
150,282 74
15,696,916 82
35,204,320 78
123,994 61
47,676,985 60
9,494,436 10
80,389 17
33,099,049 74
734,542 59
37,547 71
21,585,180 04
8,765 62
57,027 10
24,603,374 37
2,291 00
54,872 49
17,840,669 55
3,040,824 13
152,072 52
14,573,379 72
5,000,324 00
452,355 15
20,232,427 94
141,019 15
20,540,666 26
127,603 60
19,381,212 79
5,000,000 00
129,982 25
21,840,858 02
5,000,000 00
94,288 52
25, 260,434 21
1,315,621 83
22,966,363 96
65,106 34
24,763,629 23
112,561 95
24,827,627 38
73.172 64
24,844,116 51
583,563 03
28,526,820 82
101,165 66
31,867,450 66
334,796 67
33,948,420 25
128,412 32
21,791,935 55
696,279 13
35,430,087 10
2,209,891 32
50,826,796 08
5,625,479 15
24,954,153 04
2,992,989 15
2,517,252 42
26,302,561 74
12,716,820 86
1,265,088 91
31,482,749 61
3.857,276 21
Total receipts.
$10,210,025 75
8,740.766 77
5,720,624 28
10,041,101 65
9,419,802 79
8,740,329 65
8,758,916 40
8,209,070 07
12,621,459 84
12,451,184 14
12,945,455 95
15,001,391 31
11,064,097 63
11,835,840 02
13,689,509 14
15,608,828 78
16,398,019 26
17,062,484 09
7,773,473 12
12,144.206 53
14,431,838 14
22,639,032 76
40,524,844 95
34,559,536 95
50,961,237 60
57,171,421 82
33,833,592 03
21,593,945 66
24.605.665 37
20,881.493 68
19,573,703 72
20,232,427 94
20.540.666 26
24,381,212 79
26,840,858 02
25,260,434 21
22,966,363 96
24,763,629 23
24,827,027 38
24,844,116 51
28,526,820 82
31,867,450 66
83,948.420 25
21,791,935 55
35,430,087 10
50,826,796 08
27,947,142 19
39,019,382 60
35,340.025 82
82
REVENUE.
HE VENUE OF THE GO VEHNMENT IN EACH YEAH FROM 17 SO TO 1S6S-
From bank stocks, divi-
dends and bonds.
From miscellaneous
sources.
Total, exclusive of loans
and treasury notes.
From loans and treasury
notes.
Total receipts.
1,744,513 80
672,769 38
911,733 82
19,480,115 33
5,589,547 51
25,009,662 S4
331,285 57
16,860.160 27
13,059,317 38
20,519,477 05
440,807 97
296,235 99
1,075,419 70
19,965,009 25
14,808,735 64
34.773,744 89
8,241,001 26
12,541,409 19
20,782,410 45
29,320,707 78
1 877,847 95
31,198,555 73
29,941,853 90
29.941,853 90
274,139 44
29,684,157 05
29,684.157 05
284', 444 36
20,531.039 22
28,870,765 36
55,401,804 58
627,021 13
338,233 70
35,713,109 65
21,293,780 00
57,006,889 63
30,374.307 07
29,422,585 91
59,796,892 98
706,059 12
42.234,639 79
5,435,126 96
47,069,706 75
266,072 00
1,021 34
921,933 24
52,557,878 55
203,400 00
52,701,278 55
438,580 76
49,822,168 30
40.300 00
49,868,468 30
1,188,104 07
61,787,054 58
10,350 00
61,803,404 58
1,105,352 74
73,800,341 40
1,950 00
73,802,291 40
827,731 40
65,350,574 68
800 00
65,351,374 08
1,116,190 81
74.056,699 24
68.965,312 57
200 00
74,056,899 24
1,259,920 88
3,900 00
68,969,212 57
1,352,029 13
46,655,3(55 06
23,717.300 00
70,372,665 96
2,163,953 96
53,480,465 64
28,287.500 00
81,773,965 64
1.088,530 25
56,054,599 83
20,786,808 00
76,841,407 83
1,023,515 31
931,787 64
41,476,299 49
41.895,340 65
83,371,640 13
51,935,720 76
529,692,400 50
581,628,181 26
4.344,139 82
112,687,290 95
776,682,361 57
889,379,652 52
51,505,502 26
264,626,771 00
1,121,131,842 98
1,385,758,014 58
37,125,002 89
333, "'14, 605 08
1,472,224,740 85
1,805,939,345 93
67,119,369 91
558,032,620 06
712,851,553 05
1,270,884,173 11
42,824,852 50
490,634,010 27
640,426,910 29
1,131,060,920 16
46,949,033 09
405,638,083 32
625,111,433 20
1,030,749.516 52
REVENUE,
83
REVENUE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN EACH YEAR FROM 1780 TO 1808.
1791 (from March 4, 1789, to Dec. 31)
1792 (for the year)
1793
1794
1795
] 790
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
From customs : duties,
imposts, and tonnage.
From internal revenue.
From direct tax.
From postage.
$4,399,473 09
"3,443j070 85
$208,924 81
.8.87,705 70
4,801,065 28
274 089 02
5,588,461 26
.8.87,755 .80
6,567,987 94
475,289 GO
7,549,649 65
575,491 45
7,106,061 93
044,857 95
39,500 00
6,610,449 81
779 1.80 44
9,080,932 73
809,396 55
$734,223 97
78,000 00
10,750,778 93
1,048,033 43
534,343 38
79,500 00
12,438,235 74
621,898 89
206,565 44
35,000 00
10,479,417 61
215,177 69
71,879 20
16,427 26
11,098,565 33
50,941 29
50,198 44
26,500 00
12,936,487 04
21,747 15
21,883 91
21,342 50
14,667,698 17
20,101 45
55,763 86
41,117 67
15,845,521 61
13,051 40
34,732 56
3,614 73
16,363,550 58
8,210 73
19,159 21
7,296,020 58
4,044 39
7,517 31
8,583,309 31
7,430 63
12,448 68
13,313,222 73
2,295 95
7,666 66
37 70
8,958,777 53
4,903 06
859 22
85,039 70
13,224,623 25
4,755 04
3,805 52
35,000 00
5,998,772 08
1,662,984 22
2,219,497 36
45,000 00
7,282,942 22
4,678,059 07
2,162,673 41
135,000 00
36,306,874 88
5,124,708 31
4,253,635 09
149,787 74
26,283.348 49
2,678,100 77
1,834,187 04
29,371 91
17,176,385 00
955,279 20
264,333 36
20,070 00
20,203,608 76
229,593 63
83,650 78
71 32
15,005,612 15
106,260 53
31,586 82
13,004,447 15
69,027 63
29,349 05
516 91
17,589,761 94
67,665 71
20.961 56
602 04
19,088,433 44
34,242 17
10,337 71
110 69
17,878,325 71
34,663 37
6,201 96
20,098,713 45
25,771 35
2,330 85
469 56
23,341.331 77
21,589 93
6,638 76
300 14
19,712,283 29
19,885 68
2,626 90
101 00
23,205,523 64
17,451 54
2,218 81
20 15
22,681,965 91
14,502 74
11,335 05
86 60
21,922,391 39
12,160 62
16,980 59
55 13
24,224,441 77
6,933 51
10,506 01
561 02
28,465,237 24
11,630 65
6,791 13
244 95
29,032,508 91
2,759 00
394 12
16,214,957 15
4,196 09
19 80
100 00
19,391,310 59
10,459 48
4,263 33
893 00
23,409,940 53
370 00
728 79
10 91
11,169,290 39
5,493 84
1,687 70
16,158,800 36
2,467 27
23,137,924 81
2,553 32
755 22
From public lands.
$4,836 13
83,540 60
11,963 11
443 75
167,726 06
188,628 02
165,675 69
487,526 79
540,193 80
765,245 73
466,163 27
647,939 06
442,252 33
696,548 82
1,040,237 53
710,427 78
835,655 1 4
1,135,971 09
1,287,959 28
1,717,985 03
1,991,226 06
2,606,564 77
3,274,422 78
1,635,871 61
1,212,966 46
1,803,581 54
916,523 10
984,418 IS
1,216,090 56
1,393,785 09
1,495,845 26
1,018,308 75
1,517,175 13
2,329,356 14
3,210,815 48
2,623,381 03
3,967,682 55
4,857,600 69
14,757,600 75
24,877,179 86
6,776,236 52
3,081,939 47
7,076,447 35
84
REVENUE.
HE VENUE OF THE GO VEBXMEXT IX EACH YEAH FROM 1789 TO ISOS-
From customs : duties,
imposts, aud tonnage.
From internal revenue.
From direct tax.
From postage.
From public lands.
13,499.502 17
14,487,216 74
18,187,908 76
‘ 7,016,843 91
26,183,570 94
27,528.112 70
26,712,667 87
23.747.864 66
31,757,070 66
28,346,738 82
39,068,686 42
49,017,567 92
47,339,326 62
58.931.865 52
64,224,190 27
53,025,794 21
64,022,863 50
03,875,905 05
1,682 25
. . . .
3,292,683 29
1,365,627 42
1,335,797 52
897,818 11
3,261 36
495 00
103 25
1,777 34
2,051), 930 bO
3,517 12
2,077,022 30
2,694,452 48
2,498,355 20
3,328,641 56
1,688,959 55
1,859,894 25
2,352,305 30
2,043,239 58
1,667,081 99
8,470,798 39
11,497,049 07
8,917,644 93
3,829,486 64
2,897 26
375 00
375 00
375 00
::::::::::::::::::::
::::::::::::::::::::
41,789,620 90
49,565,824 38
53,187,511 87
3,513, / lo 87
1,756,687 30
1,778,557 71
870,658 54
39,582,125 64
1,795,831 73
49,056,397 62
lo2,20o i 7
69,059,642 40
102,316,152 99
84,928,200 60
37,640,787 95
1,485)103 Gl
167,617 1 1
583,333 29
996,553 31
665,031 03
1,163,575 76
1.348,715 41
109,741,134 10
475,648 96
209,464,215 25
1,200,573 03
179,046,651 58
176,417,810 88
164,464,599 56
309,226,813 42
1,974,754 12
266,027,537 43
4,200,233 70
191,087,589 41
1,788,145 85
EXPENDITURES OF
Civil List.
From March 4. 1789, to Dec. 31, 1791.
1792 (for the year)
1793 .'
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1-802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1830
1837
1838
1839
$757,134
45
380,917
58
358,241
08
440,946
58
361,633
36
447,139
05
483,233
70
504,605
17
592,905
76
748,688
45
549,288
31
596,981
11
526,583
12
624,795
63
585,849
79
684,230
53
655,524
65
691,167
80
712,465
13
703,994
03
644,467
27
826,271
55
780,545
45
927,424
23
852.247
16
1,208,125
77
994,556
17
1,109,559
70
1.142,180
41
1,248,310
05
1,112,292
64
1,158,131
58
1,058,911
65
1.336,26 6
24
1,330,747
24
1,256,745
48
1,227,141
01
1,455,400
58
1,327,069
36
1,579,724
64
1.373,755
99
1,800,757
74
1,562,758
28
2,080,601
60
1,905,551
51
2,110,175
47
2.357,035
94
2,688,708
56
2,116,982
77
* The first, revolutionary pensions.
22
EXPENDITURES.
85
GOVERNMENT IN EACH YEAR FROM 178!) TO 1868.
Foreign In-
tercourse.
Navy Depart-
ment.
AVar Depart-
ment.
Pensions.
Indians.
$14,733 33
§570 00
$632,804 03
$175,813 88
$27,000 00
78,766 67
53 02
1,100,702 09
109,243 15
13,648 85
89,500 00
1.130.249 08
80,017 81
27,282 83
146,403 51
61,408 97
2,029,097 59
81,399 24
13,042 46
912,685 12
410,562 03
2,480,910 13
68,073 22
23,475 69
184.859 64
274,784 04
1,260,263 84
100,843 71
113,563 98
669,788 54
382,631 89
1,039,402 66
92,256 97
62,396 38
457,428 74
1,381.347 76
2,009,522 30
104,845 33
16,470 09
271,374 11
2,858,081 84
2,466,946 98
95,444 03
20,302 19
395,288 18
3,448,716 03
2,560,878 77
64,130 73
31 22
295,676 73
2.111,424 00
1,072,944 08
73,533 37
9,000 00
550,925 93
915,561 87
1,179,148 25
85,440 39
94,000 00
1,110,834 77
1,215,230 53
822,055 85
62,902 10
60,000 00
1,186,655 57
1,189,832 75
875,423 93
80,092 80
116,500 00
2,798,028 77
1,597,500 00
712,781 28
81,854 59
196,500 00
1,760.421 30
1,649,641 44
1,224.355 38
81,875 53
234,200 00
577,826 34
1,722,064 47
1.288,685 91
70,500 00
205,425 00
304,992 83
1,884.067 80
2,900,834 40
82,576 04
213,575 00
166,306 04
2,427,758 80
3,347,772 17
87,833 54
337,503 84
81,367 48
1,654,244 20
2,294.323 94
83,744 10
177,625 00
264,904 47
1.965,566 39
2,032,828 19
75,043 88
347.703 29
3,959,365 15
11,817,798 24
91,402 10
277,845 00
209,941 01
6,446,600 10
19,602,013 02
86,989 91
167,358 28
177,179 97
7,311.290 60
20,350,806 86
90,164 36
167,394 86
290,892 04
8,660,000 25
14,794.294 22
69,656 06
530,750 00
361,620 40
3,908,278 30
10,012.090 80
188,804 15
2274,51 16
281,995 97
3,314,598 49
8,004,236 53
297,374 43
319,463 71
420,429 90
2.953,695 00
5,622,715 10
*890,719 90
505,704 27
284,113 94
3,847,640 42
6,500,300 37
2,415,939 85
403'l81 39
253,370 04:
4,387,990 00
2,630,392 31
3,208,376 31
315^750 01
207,110 75
3,319,243 06
4,461,291 78
242,817 25
477^005 41
164,879 51
2,224,458 98
3.111.981 48
1,948.199 40
292,118 56
2,503,765 83
3.090,924 43
1,780.588 52
380^781 82
15,140,099 83
2,904,581 56
3,340,939 85
1,498.326 59
429’987 90
371,600 25
3,049,083 86
3,659,913 18
1,308.810 57
724,106 44
232,719 08
4,281,902 45
3,943,194 37
1,556.593 83
743^447 83
659,211 87
4,263,877 45
3,938.977 88
976,148 86
700.024 88
1,001,193 60
3,918,786 44
4,145.544 56
850,573 57
705,084 24
207,765 85
3,308,745 47
6.250,230 28
949,594 47
570,344 74
294,067 27
3,239,428 63
6,752,688 66
1,363,297 31
622,262 47
298,554 00
3.856,183 07
4,846,405 61
92G*1G7 98
325,181 07
3,956,370 29
5,446,131 23
1,184.422 40
1 . 352/623 40
955,395 88
3,901,356 75
6,705,022 95
4,589,152 40
1,801,977 08
241,502 35
3,956,260 42
5,098,517 51
3,364,285 30
1. 002*025 07
774,750 28
3,864,939 06
5,827,948 57
1,954.711 32
LG37J.52 80
533,382 65
5,807,718 23
11,791,208 02
2,882,797 96
4.993,100 1L
4,603,905 40
6,646,914 53
13.731,172 31
2,672.162 45
4,299,594 08
1,215,095 52
0,131,580 53
13,088,169 69
2,156,057 29
5.313 245 8|
987,667 92
6,182,294 25
9,227,045 90
3.142,750 50
2,218,967 18
t Purchase of Florida.
86
EXPENDITURES
EXPENDITURES OF THE GOVERNMENT IN EACH YEAR FROM 17S9 TO 1SGS.
Civil List.
Foreign In-
tercourse.
Navy Depart-
ment.
War Depart-
ment.
Pensions.
Indians.
2,736,769 31
2,556,471 79
683.278 15
6,113,896 89
7,155.204 99
2,603,562 17
2,271.857 10
428,410 57
6.001,076 97
9,042,749 92
2,388,434 51
1,273,697 44
2,905,041 65
1,222,422 48
2,454,958 15
2,369,652 79
2,532,232 92
2,570,338 44
2,645,802 87
563,191 41
8,397,242 95
6,658,137 16
1,378,931 33
2,151,400 54
382.404 47
400,566 04
3,727,711 53
3,104,638 48
839;041 12
636,079 66
6,498,199 11
5,192,445 05
2,032,008 99
1,282.271 00
702,637 22
6,297,177 89
5,819,888 50
2,398.867 29
1,467,774 95
409,292 55
6,455,013 92
10.362,374 36
1,809,739 62
1,080,047 80
405,079 10
7,900,635 76
35,776,495 72
1,742.820 85
1,496,008 69
448,593 01
9,408,476 02
27,838.374 80
1,226,509 92
1,103,251 78
2,865,196 91
3,027,454 39
3,481.219 51
6,908,996 72
9,786,705 92
16,563.543 33
193,695 87
509.263 25
5,990,858 81
7.904,724 66
9,687,924 58
1,866,886 02
1.663,591 47
6,256,427 16
8.880,581 38
12,161,965 11
2.293.377 22
2,829,801 77
3,043,576 04
3,439,923 22
4,265,861 68
4,621,492 24
6,350,875 88
6,452,256 35
7,611,547 27
7,116,339 01
4,196,321 59
8,918,842 10
8,521,506 19
2,401.858 78
950,871 30
11,067,789 53
9,910,498 49
1,736,262 45
3,900,537 87
*7,763,812 31
10,790,098 32
11,722,282 97
1,369,009 47
1,413,995 08
997,007 26
13,327,095 11
14,648,074 07
1,542.255 40
2,708,347 71
3,642,615 39
14,074,834 64
16.963.160 51
1,344.027 70
2,596,465 92
999,177 65
12,651,694 6L
19,159,150 87
1,423,770 85
4,241,028 00
1,396,508 72
14,053.264 64
25,679,121 63
1,221,163 14
161.190 66
4,97(5,871 34
5.913.281 50
981,946 87
14,690,927 90
23,154,720 53
4,551,566 58
6,077,008 95
1.146,143 79
11,514,649 83
14,472,202 72
1.100,802 32
2,991,121 54
6,074,141 83
5,939.009 29
1,147,786 91
12,387,156 52
23.001,530 67
1,034,599 73
2,865,481 17
1,309,710 35
42.674,569 69
394,468,407 36
879,583 23
2,223,402 27
6,350,618 78
1,231,413 06
63,211,105 27
85,733.292 77
54)9,298,600 83
3,140.194 44
1,076,326 o5
8,059,177 23
10,833,944 87
1,290.691 92
690,791.842 97
4,979,633 17
2,538,297 80
1.260.818 08
122,567,776 12
1,031,323,360 79
9,291,610 48
4,966,964 90
12.287,828 55
1,338,388 18
43,324,118 52
284,449,701 82
15,605,352 35
3,247,064 5t>
15,585,489 55
11,950,156 58
1,548,589 26
31,034,011 04
95,224,415 63
20,936,55). 71
4,642,531 i 2
4,100,682 37
1867-68
1.441,344 05
25,775,502 72
123,246,648 62
23,782.386 78
* Includes seven millions of Mexican indemnity. The years 1819 to 1852 also embrace large sums paid to Mexico.
EXPENDITURES.
87
EXPENDITURES OF THE GOVERNMENT IN EACH YEAR FROM 1789 TO 1868,
From March 4 1789, to Dec. 31, 1791
1792 (for the year)
1793
1794
1795 ..
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1803
180(5
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1319
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
Miscellaneous.
$'311,533 83
194.572 32
24,709 46
118.248 30
92.718 50
150,476 14
103.880 82
149.004 15
175.111 81
193,636 59
269,803 41
315,022 36
205,217 87
379,558 23
384,720 19
445,485 18
464.546 52
427,124 98
337,032 62
315,783 47
457,919 66
609,1J3 37
738,949 15
1,103.425 50
1,755.731 27
1,416,995 00
2,242.384 62
2,305.849 82
1.640.917 06
1,090,341 85
903,718 15
644.985 15
671,063 78
678,942 74
1,046,131 40
1,110,713 23
826,123 67
1,219,368 40
1,565,679 66
1,363,624 13
1,392.336 11
2,451,202 64
3,198,091 77
2,082,565 00
1,549,396 74
2,749,721 60
2,932,428 93
3,256,868 18
2,621,340 20
Total of ordinary
expenditures.
§1,919,589 52
1,877,903 77
1,710,070 26
3.500,546 65
4,350,658 04
2.531,930 40
2.833,590 96
4,623,223 54
6,480,166 72
7.411,369 77
4,981,669 90
3,737,079 91
4.002.824 44
4,452,858 91
3,737,079 91
6,080.209 36
4,984,572 89
6,504,338 85
7,414.672 14
5,311,082 28
5,592,604 86
17,829,498 70
28,082,396 92
30,127,686 38
26,953,571 00
23,373,432 53
15,454,609 92
13,808,672 78
16,300,273 44
13,134,530 57
10,723,479 07
9,827,643 51
9,784,154 55
15,330,144 71
11,490,459 94
13,062,316 27
12,653,095 65
13,296,041 45
12,660,400 62
13,229,533 33
13,864,067 80
16,516,388 77
22,713,755 11
18,425,417 25
17,514,950 28
30,868,164 04
37,243.214 24
32,849,718 08
26,496.948 72
Interest on pub-
lic debt.
§2.349,437 44
3,201,628 23
2,772.242 12
3,490.292 52
3.189.151 16
3.195,054 53
3,300,043 06
3,053,281 28
3,186,287 60
3.374,704 72
4,412,912 93
4,125,038 95
3,848,828 00
4.266.582 85
4,148.998 82
3,723,407 88
3.369,573 48
3.428.152 87
2,866,074 90
2.845,427 53
2,465,733 16
2,451,272 57
3,599.455 22
4,593,239 04
5,754,568 63
7,213,258 69
6,339,209 81
6,016,416 74
5,163,538 11
6,126,097 20
5,087,274 01
5,172.578 24
4,922,684 60
4.996,562 08
4,366,769 08
3,973,480 54
3,486,071 51
3,098.800 59
2,542.843 23
1,913,533 40
1,383,582 95
772,561 60
303,796 87
202,152 98
57,863 08
*63,389 85
14,997 54
399,834 24
Actual payments on the public debt, but not carried into the totals because of
Principal of
public debt.
Total debts and
loans.
§2,938,512 06
§5,287,949 50
4,062,037 76
7,267,665 90
3,047,263 18
5,819,505 29
2,311,285 57
5,801,378 09
2,895,260 45
6,084,411 61
2,640,791 91
5,835,846 44
2,492,378 76
5,792,42 1 82
937,012 86
3,990,294 14
1,410,589 18
4,596.876 78
1,203,665 23
4,578,369 95
2,878,794 11
7,291,707 04
5,413,965 81
9,539.004 76
3,407,331 43
7,256,159 43
3,905,204 90
8,171,787 45
3,220,890 97
7,369,889 79
5,266,476 73
8,989,884 61
2,938,141 62
6,307,720 10
6,832,092 48
10,260,245 35
3,586,479 26
6,452,554 16
5,163,476 93
8,098,9.94 46
5,543,470 89
8,009.204 05
1,998,349 88
4,449,622 45
7.50.5,668 22
11,108,123 44
3,307,304 90
7,900,543 94
6,874,353 71
12,628,922 35
17,657,804 24
24,871,062 93
19,041,826 31
25,423,036 12
15,279,754 88
21,296,201 62
2,540,388 18
7,703,926 29
3,502,397 08
8,628,494 28
3,279,821 61
8,367,093 62
2,676,370 88
7,848,949 12
607,331 81
5,530,016 41
11,571,831 68
16,568,393 76
7,728,575 70
12,095,344 78
7,067,601 65
11,041,082 19
6,517,596 88
10,003,668 39
9,064,637 48
12,163,438 07
9,841,024 55
12,383,867 78
9,442,214 82
11,355,748 22
14,790,795 27
16,174,378 22
17,067,747 79
17,840,309 29
1,239,746 51
1,543,543 38
5,974,412 21
6,176,565 19
328 20
58,191 28
*3,140 32
66,500 17
21,822 91
21,822 91
5,590,722 73
5,605,720 27
10,718,153 19
11,117,987 43
repayments to the treasury.
Total expendi-
tures.
§7,207,539 02
9,141,569 67
7,529,575 55
9,302,124 74
10,435,069 65
8,367,776 84
8,626,012 78
8,613,517 68
1 1,077,043 50
11,989,739 92
12,273,376 94
13,276,084 67
11,258,983 67
12.624.646 .36
13,727,124 41
15,070,093 97
11,292,292 99
16,764,584 20
13,867,226 30
13,319,986 74
13,601,808 91
22,279,121 15
39,190,520 36
38,028,230 32
39,582,493 35
48,244,495 51
40.877.646 04
35,104,875 40
24,004,199 73
21,763,024 85
19,090,572 69
17,676,592 63
15,314,171 00
31,898,538 47
23,585,804 73
24,103,398 46
22,656,764 04
25,459,479 52
25,044,358 40
24,585,281 55
30,038,446 12
34,356,698 06
24,257,298 49
24,601,982 44
17,573,141 56
30,934,664 21
37,265,037 15
39,455,438 35
37,614,936 15
88
EXPENDITURES
EXPENDITURES OF THE GOVERNMENT IN EACH YEAR FROM 17 SO TO 1S6S.
Miscellaneous.
Total of ordinary
expenditures.
Interest of public
debt.
Principal of pub-
lic debt.
Total debts and
loans.
Total expendi-
tures.
2,575,351 50
3,505,999 09
3,307,391 55
1,579,724 48
2,554,146 05
2,839,470 97
3,769,758 42
3,910,190 81
2,554,455 37
3,111,140 61
7,025,450 16
8,140,577 33
9,867,920 64
12,246,335 03
13,461,450 13
10,738,442 29
15,200,475 94
18,940,189 91
17,847,851 19
10.873.771 08
20,708,183 43
16,020.574 79
14.129.771 52
15,671,890 94
24,139,929 11
174,635 77
3.911,977 93
4.080,013 70
28,226,553 81
26,190,840 29
288,063 45
5.312.626 29
5,600.689 74
31,797,530 03
24,301,330 59
778.550 06
7,796.989 88
8,575,539 94
32,936,876 53
11,250,508 60
20,650,108 01
21,895.309 01
528,584 57
333,011 98
861,596 55
12,118,105 15
1,874,863 66
11,117,039 18
7,528.054 06
12,991,902 84
33,642,010 85
1844 ’45
1,066,985 04
843.228 77
8,595,039 10
30,490,408 71
1845 ’46
26,418,459 59
370,594 54
1,213.523 31
27,632,282 90
53,801,509 37
1,117,830 22
5.601,452 15
6,719,282 37
60,520,851 74
60,655,143 19
45,227,454 77
3,391,652 17
13,036,036 25
15,457,088 42
39,933,542 61
3,554,419 40
12,898,460 73
10,452,880 13
56,386,422 74
37,165,990 09
3,884,406 95
3,554,321 22
7,438,728 17
44,604,718 26
44,049,949 48
3,711,407 40
714,947 43
4,420,154 83
48,476,104 31
40,389,954 56
4,002.014 13
2.320,640 14
0,322,654 27
46,712,608 83
44,078,156 35
3,660,905 24
6,832,000 15
10,498,905 35
54,577,061 74
51,142,138 42
3,074,078 33
21,250,902 33
24,335,980 06
75,473,119 08
50,312,097 72
2,315,996 25
7,530,681 99
9,852,078 24
66,164.775 96
60,533,830 45
1,954,752 34
10,437,772 78
12.392,505 12
72,726,341 57
65,032,559 70
1,594,845 44
4,047,182 17
6,242,027 61
71,274,587 37
72,291,119 70
1,652,774 23
8,118,292 81
9,771,067 04
82,062.186 74
60,327,405 72
2,637,064 39
14,713,572 81
17,351,237 20
83,678,643 92
60,010,112 58
3,144,620 94
13,900,392 13
17,045,013 07
77,055,125 05
62,537,171 02
4,034,157 30
18,815,984 10
22,850,141 46
85,387,313 08
401,554,453 71
13,190,324 45
90,090,922 09
109,287,246 54
570,841,700 25
689,980.148 97
811,548,066 17
24,729,846 61
181,036,035 07
205.816,481 68
895,796,030 65
18,155,730 31
32,070,795 17
27,430,744 81
33,975,948 40
39,018,367 04
53,685,421 65
430,197,114 03
483,882,535 72
1,298,144,656 00
1,212,911,270 41
77,397,712 00
133,067,741 09
607,301,241 08
684,758,953 68
1,897,074,224 09
387,683,198 79
620,321,725 61
753,389,407 30
1,141,072,660 09
202,947,537 42
143,781,591 91
746,350,525 9 4
890,132,117 85
1,093,079,655 27
229,9 15, OSS 11
*147,425,190 75
092,549,685 88
839,974,882 63
1,069,889,970 74
* This amount includes $7,001 . 151 04 premium on treasury notes, per acts of June 30, 1864, and March 3, 1865.
COINAGE OF THE MINT AND BRANCHES,
FROM THEIR ORGANIZATION.
MINT OF THE UNITED STATES, PHILADELPHIA.
At the third Session of Congress of the United States, held at the City of Philadelphia, on the Sixth of September, One Thousand
Seven Hundred and [Ninety, it was
Resolved, by the Senate and Souse of Representatives, That a Mint shall be established, under such regulations as shall be
provided by law.
Resolved, That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby, authorized to cause to be engaged such principal artists
as shall be necessary to carry the preceding resolution into effect, and to stipulate the terms and conditions of their service; and also
to cause to be procured such apparatus as shall be requisite for the same purpose.
[Approved March 3d, 1791.] GEORGE WASHINGTON", President of the United States.
On the second of April of the following year (1792) the law “Establishing a Mint, and Regulating the Coins of the United
States,” was approved by the President.
Washington immediately proceeded to carry out the intention of this Act, and as Philadelphia was then the seat of government,
he provided for the erection of suitable buildings, by purchasing a lot of ground on Seventh Street, between Market and Arch Streets.
The foundation stone of the Mint was laid on the 31st of July, 1792, by David Rittenhouse, Esq., who had previously been ap-
pointed Director. The work was rapidly pushed forward after this date; and the building was so far completed that the workmen com-
menced operations in the “ Shop,” preparing the internal arrangements, on Friday, the seventh of September. On the eleventh of
September six pounds of old copper were purchased for the Mint, at “Is. 3d.” per pound, — this being the first “purchase of copper for
coinage.”
The building now occupied as a Mint was erected in 1832, and rendered fire-proof in 1856.
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE GOVERNMENT IN EACH YEAR FROM 1790 TO 1SG9.
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♦These amounts are taken from the manuscript records, and exceed those given in the table in Monthly Report No. 23, (page 69,)
and the Commerce and Navigation Reports for the years 1865 and 1867. t Gold. J Gold.
Noth. — Since 1861 the exports are valued in currency, aud the imports in gold.
COINAGE OF THE MINTS FROM TIIEIR ORGANIZATION,
91
MINT OF THE UNITED STATES, PHILADELPHIA.
Period.
GOLD COINAGE.
SILVER COINAGE.
Double Eagles.
Eagles.
Half Eagles.
Three dolls.
Qr. eagles.
Dollars.
Pine Bars.
Dollars.
Ilulf dolls.
Qr. dolls.
Dimes.
Half dimes.
1703 to 1817
Pieces.
Pieces.
132,592
Pieces.
845,909
3,087,925
3,269,921
2,260,390
795,075
5,750
Pieces.
Pieces.
22,197
879,903
345,526
5,544,900
1,609,749
3,650
Pieces.
Value.
Pieces.
1,439,517
1,000
879,873
350,250
758,700
54,800
Pieces.
13,104,433
74,793,560
20,203,333
10,691,088
12,632,830
411,500
Pieces.
650,280
5,041,749
4,952,073
41,073,080
22,955,730
29,900
Pieces.
1,007,151
11,854,949
11,387,995
35,172,010
0,042,330
423,150
Pieces.
265,543
14,463,700
11,093,235
34.368,520
12,995,330
85,800
1818 to 1837
1838 to 1847
1,227,759
1,970,597
179,745
3,050
1848 to 1857
1858 to 1867
1868
Total
8,122,526
5,740,871
188,540
223,015
GO, 381
4,900
15,348,608
2,360,814
10,550
§33,612,140 46
1,078,168 51
98,848 03
14,051,937
3,513,743
10,264,970
294,296
8,405,925
17,719,992
34,789,157 00
3,484,149
131,836,744
74,702,812
65,887,585
73,272,128
Period.
SILVER COINAGE.
COPPER COINAGE.
TOTAL COINAGE.
Three cents.
Bars.
Five cents.
Three cents.
Two cents.
Cents.
Half cents.
No. of pieces
coined.
Gold.
Silver.
Copper.
Total Value.
1793 to 1817. . .
Pieces.
Value.
Pieces.
Pieces.
Pieces.
Pieces.
29,316,272
46,554,830
34,967,663
51,449,979
284,909,000
9,856,500
Pieces.
5,235,513
2,205,200
52,019,407
158,882,876
88,327,378
244,898,373
443,061,692
46,663,590
Value.
§5,610,957 50
17,639,382 50
29,491,010 00
256,950,474 46
128,169,899 65
3,864,425 00
Value.
§8,268,295 75
40,566,897 15
13,913,019 00
22,365,413 55
14,263,259 97
314,750 00
Value.
§319,340 28
476,574 30
349,676 63
517,222 34
5,752,350 00
1,713,385 00
$14,198,593 53
58,682.853 95
43,753,705 63
279,833,110 35
148,185,509 62
5,892,560 00
Iftlft tr» 1ft?, 7. . .
1838 to 1847. . .
1848 to 1857...
1858 to 1867...
IRfiS
37,778,900
4,209,330
4,000
§32,355 55
73,552 45
6,729 94
544,510
32.574.000
28.902.000
16,987,000
3,613,000
38,245,500
3,066,500
Total
41,992,230
112,037 94
61,476,000
20,600,000
41,312,000
457,054,244
7,985,223
1,033,853,316
441,726,149 11
99,691,635 42
9,128,548 55
550,546,333 08
92
COINAGE OF THE MINTS FROM THEIR ORGANIZATION,
BRANCH MINT AT SAN FRANCISCO.
Period.
185+
1855
1850
1857
1858
1859
1860
18G1
18G2
1863
1864
1865
18GG
18G7
18G8
Total
GOLD COINAGE.
Double eagles.
Eagles.
Half eagles.
Three dollars.
Quarter eagles.
Dollars.
Unparted bars.
Eino bars.
Pieces.
141, 4G8
859,175
1,181,750
604.500
885,940
689,140
579,975
614,300
760.000
86G,423
947,320
925,160
876.501
901.000
696,750
Pieces.
123, 82G
9.000
73.500
10,000
27,800
2.000
10,000
6,000
18,000
9.000
5.000
8,700
30.500
2.000
12.500
Pieces.
2G8
61,000
94,100
47.000
58,600
9,720
16,700
8,000
18.000
16,500
10,000
12,000
53,420
24.000
25.000
Pieces.
Pieces.
246
Pieces.
14,632
Value.
$5,641,504 05
3,270,594 93
3,047,091 29
Value.
$5,863 16
88,782 50
122,136 55
6,600
34,500
5.000
9.000
71,120
20,000
49,200
8 000
28,800
14.000
30.000
4.000
8,800
8,256
46,080
26.000
26,000
24,600
20,000
15.000
13.000
816,295 65
19,871 68
7,000
11,529,401
347,826
454,308
62,100
340,502
87,232
12,775,395 92
236,653 89
SILVER COINAGE.
TOTAL COINAGE.
Period.
Dollars.
Half dollars.
Quarter dollars.
Pieces.
Pieces.
Pieces.
jgpr;
121,950
211,000
86,000
218,000
463,000
412,400
286,000
23.000
63.000
] 8.^9
15.000
172.000
jgftO
5,000
693.000
24.000
]g01
350,000
1.179,500
52,000
1 sr>9
120.000
1§(53
1,542,000
648.000
43,000
i§04
20.000
613.000
22.000
490,000
1,216.000
19.000
jg07
52,000
1.482,000
120,000
Total
20,000
9,313,450
1,433,400
Dimes.
Half dimes.
Pieces.
Pieces.
30.000
90.000
40.000
100.000
219,500
291,250
140.000
150.000
210.000
130.000
310.000
100,000
90.000
36.000
204,000
400,000
1,710,750
830,000
Bars.
Value.
$23,609 45
19,752 61
29,469 87
211,411 52
71,485 61
1,278 65
224,763 G3
120,909 02
145,235 58
442.342 64
146,048 54
1,436,307 17
No. of pieces.
Gold.
Silver.
Total value.
280,440
Value.
$9,731,574 21
Value.
$9,731,574 21
1,470,125
20,957,677 43
$1G4,075 00
21,121,752 43
1,976,570
28,315,537 84
200,609 45
28,516,147 29
800,500
12.490,000 00
50.000 00
12,540,000 00
1,361,540
19,276,095 65
147,502 61
19,423.598 26
1,463,860
13,906.271 68
327,909 87
14.234.241 55
1,417.475
11.889,000 00
572,911 52
12,461,911 52
1,144.300
12,421.000 00
269,485 61
12,690.485 61
2,345,000
15,545,000 00
642,978 65
16,187,978 65
2.872,173
17,510,960 00
1,040,638 68
18,551,598 68
1,869,120
19,068,400 00
468,409 02
19,536,809 02
1,775,116
18,070,840 00
474,035 58
19.144,875 78
1,929.881
18,217,300 00
723,292 G4
18.940,592 64
2,351,133
18.225.000 00
780,048 54
19,005.048 54
3,072,250
14,250,000 00
822,000 00
15,072,000 00
26,129,483
250,474,656 81
6,683,957 17
257,158,613 98
COINAGE OF THE MINTS FROM TlIEIIl ORGANIZATION,
93
BRANCH MINT, NEW ORLEANS.
GOLD COINAGE.
Period.
Double eagles.
Eagles.
Half eagles.
Three dollars.
Quarter eagles.
Dollars.
1838 to 1847
Pieces.
Pieces.
1,026,342
534,250
21,500
4,000
8,200
5,200
Pieces.
709,925
108,100
13,000
Pieces.
Pieces.
550,528
546,100
34,000
Pieces.
1848 to 1857
730,500
47.500
24.500
4,350
9,600
24,000
1,004,000
Total
816,450
1,599,492
831,025
24,000
1,130,628
1,004,000
SILVER COINAGE.
Period.
Dollars.
1838 to 1817 .
181.3 to 1857..
1858
1859
18(10
1861
Total.
Pieces.
59.000
40.000
200,000
280,000
395,000
974.000
Half dollars.
Pieces.
13.509.000
21.406.000
4.614.000
4.912.000
2 . 212.000
828,000
47.481.000
Qr. dollars.
Pieces.
3,273,600
4.556.000
1.416.000
544.000
388.000
10,177,600
Dimes. Half dimes. Three cents. Bars
Pieces.
6,473,500
5.690.000
1.540.000
440.000
370.000
14,513,500
Pieces.
2.789.000
8.170.000
2.540.000
1.060.000
1,060,000
15,619,000
Pieces.
720,000
720,000
Value.
$334,996 47
25,422 33
16,818 33
377,237 13
TOTAL COINAGE.
No. of pieces.
Gold.
Silver.
Total coined.
28,390,895
43,528,950
10,226,000
7,184,500
4.322,550
1,237,800
Value.
$15,189,365
22,934,250
1,315,000
530.000
169.000
244.000
Value.
$8,418,700 00
12,881.100 00
2,942,000 00
3,223,996 37
1,598,422 33
825,818 33
Value.
■$23,608,065 00
35,815,350 00
4,257,000 00
3,753,996 57
1,767,422 33
1,069,818 33
94,890,695
40,381,615
29,890,037 03
70,271,652 03
BRANCH MINT, DENVER.
Period.
Unparted silver bars.
Unparted gold bars.
Value.
Value.
$486,329 97
545,363 00
159,917 76
130,559 70
360,879 20
Total
1,683,049 69
23
94
COINAGE OF TIIE MINTS FROM TIIEIR ORGANIZATION.
BRANCH MINT, DAHLONEGA, GEORGIA.
BRANCH MINT, CHARLOTTE, N C.
Period.
GOLD COINAGE.
Period.
GOLD COINAGE.
Half eagles.
Three dollars.
Qr. eagles.
Dollars.
Total.
Total.
Half eagles.
Qr. eagles.
Dollars.
Total.
Total.
1838 to 1817
1848 to 1857
1858
1859
18G0
1801
Pieces.
576,553
478,392
19,256
11,404
12,800
11,876
Pieces.
1,120
Pieces.
134,101
60,605
900
642
1,602
Pieces.
60 897
1,637
6,957
1,472
1,566
Pieces.
710,654
601,014
21,793
19,003
15,874
13,442
Value.
$3,218,017 50
2,607,729 50
100,167 00
65,582 00
69,477 00
60,946 00
1838 to 1847...
1848 to 1857. ..
1858
1859
1860
1861
Total
Pieces.
269,424
500,872
31,066
39,500
23,005
14,116
Pieces.
123,576
79,736
9,056
7,469
Pieces.
103,899
5,235
Pieces.
393,000
684,507
40,122
44,735
30,474
14,116
Value.
$1,656,060 00
2,807,599 00
177,970 00
202,735 00
133,697 50
70,580 00
Total
1,110,281
1,120
197,850
72,529
1,381,780
6,121,919 00
877,983
219,837
109,134
1,206,954
5,048,641 50
SUMMARY EXHIBIT OF THE COINAGE OF THE MINT AND BRANCHES TO THE CLOSE OF THE
FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1868.
Mints.
Commencement of
coinage.
Gold coinage.
Silver coinage.
Copper coinage.
Entire coinage.
Philadelphia
New Orleans (Jan. 31, 1865)
1793
1854
1838
Value.
$441,904,870 50
250,474.656 81
40,381,615 00
5,048,641 50
6,121,919 00
163,901,963 17
1,683,049 69
Value.
$90,702,984 74
6,683,957 17
29,890,037 13
Value.
$9,128,548 55
1,033,853,686
26,129,483
94,890,695
1,206,954
1,381,780
Value.
$541,736,403 79
257,158,613 98
70,271,652 13
5.048,641 50
6,121,919 00
167,132,477 75
1,683,049 69
Charlotte (March 31, 1861)
Dahlonega (Feb. 28, 1861)
3,230,514 58
New York Assay Office
1863
909,516,715 67
130,507,493 62
9,128,548 55
1,157,462,598
1,049,152,757 84
.
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